Empire of the Sun Essay

One of the many themes in ‘Empire of the Sun’ is growing up. At the beginning of the book Jim is an optimist, but throughout the length of the book he is transformed, and by the end he has a more realistic view of things. The reader is shown how Jim grows up, through this transformation, and by the end of the novel it is clear that Jim has changed by the way his personality and approach to life has altered. As a young child, Jim has seen some of the devastating results of the war, but seems to be detached from them. One of the first examples that show how lucky he is, is when he asks Vera where her parents lived. When she replies, ‘They live in one room, James’, Jim found this inconceivable, demonstrating how spoilt he is. Completely absorbed in his own privileged world, he spends his days riding his bicycle around the city, dreaming of being a fighter pilot like the Japanese pilots he sees flying overhead. After he thought he had provoked the Japanese attack, by shining the torch out of the window to the Japanese ships, it is illustrated how ignorant Jim is when the author tells us that, ‘He decided not to tell his mother that he had started the war. ‘ On pages 64 – 65 we are invited to infer that Jamie is still a child as we are told his reaction to the talcum powder on the floor. Jim thinks that his mother has been dancing a tango, which we know to have been a struggle; by the way we are told that it â€Å"seemed far more violent than any tango he had ever seen. † He is also portrayed as childish by the way he rides his bike around the house on page 67. The quote, ‘they seemed much younger than Jim, but in fact both were more than a year older,’ from the beginning of chapter 15, signifies that in the short time between leaving Shanghai, and arriving at the detention centre, Jim has already begun growing up. The words, ‘how much he had changed,’ on page 153, also demonstrate that Jim himself was beginning to recognise that he was growing up. By the end of chapter 20, Jim ‘could no longer remember what his parents looked like. ‘ At this point, we can see that Jim’s experience has definitely made him older and further away from his parents, so much, it seems, that he cannot remember what they looked like. Quotes like, ‘a more adult eye’, ‘no longer cared’, ‘unexpected erection’ and ‘Kimura†¦ had once been a child as he himself had been before the war’ give the impression that Jim is graduating from ‘The University of Life’ – or he is growing up from his experience. According to Ballard, Jim’s ‘first adult act’ was when he pushed his suitcase into the river. He later regrets this, as he could have sold the contents, but still, it was his first adult act – the turning point in his life from childhood to a mature adolescent. As the book draws to a conclusion, it becomes clear that Jim has grown up. When he is reunited with his parents he realises that ‘his mother and father had been through a different war,’ showing that he was grown up and less dependant on his parents. He is also older and wiser, and realises how patient China have been, and he thinks that ‘One day China would punish the rest of the world, and take a frightening revenge. ‘ By the end of the book we have a full picture of Jim’s difficult childhood. We can see that he has changed from the spoilt child, who goes to fancy dress parties in the middle of a war, and who can’t possibly believe that someone could live in a room the size of his dressing room, to a young adult who has graduated from the ‘University of Life’, and who now realised that China would one day take a huge revenge. This change shows the reader that although thought of as a war novel, ‘Empire of the Sun’ is actually a Rites of Passage novel, and the war is just the time and place in which the story is set. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

Phone Hacking Scandal

COMM101 Campbell Burke Student No. 4491002 1) * After the 2005 Royal phone hacking scandal another investigation was launched into phone hacking called operation Weeting. It was announced in January 2011 by the police that a new investigation would be conducted as a result new information. * In April 2011 News International stated that they would pay out compensation and give an official apology to eight cases that involved phone hacking and the breach of privacy, however they would contest all other petitions. After an uproar over the revealed hacking of Milly Dowler’s phone on July 4th 2011 a campaign was launched on social media sites to get advertises to drop the newspaper. During the following days News of the World would decide to stop being printed after the July 10th issue. 2) One party affected were the number of victims of the illegal phone hacking including celebrities, politicians, law enforcement officials, solicitors, and the general public. Victims ranged from B ritish soldiers' relatives who were killed in Iraq and Afghanistan and London terrorist attack victims.Also a number of employees from the News of the World have been arrested, totaling nine at the present, it had also caused several resignations not just from the newspaper but also from the police. Because of the eventual closure of News of the World 200 employees have been laid off. The general public have also been impacted as they have lost the trust of media corporations due to the substantial unethical behaviour of members of a large media corporation. Also another party impacted are business who are involved in media who have gained a bad reputation from just being involved in the same industry as News of the World. 3)I believe the most difficult sentence to write in the ‘Sorry’ advertisement is the line, â€Å"I realise that simply apologising is not enough. † He realises that a simple apology will not solve the problem that drastic measures will have to be taken to resolve the problem and start to mend the ethical reputation of his businesses. That it will take not only time but will cost a lot to repair the damage like the closure of News of the World and the amounts paid for compensation to the victims and the legal costs. By adding that line he is announcing that he is willing to spend the money to repair the damage caused by the phone hacking scandal. ) When unethical behaviour is discovered in a business it is important that it is dealt with as quick as possible not only to minimise the damage it will cause to the reputation of the business but also to stakeholders. For example once the Enron scandal was revealed action should have been taken to protect investors, employees and all stakeholders involved in the business who would suffer from the unethical behaviour of a few people. The quicker you deal with unethical behaviour it demonstrates to the public that you are committed to ethical business, thus gaining the trust of th e public.

Entourage: A Modern Portrait of Issues of the Hollywood Dream

The TV show â€Å"Entourage,† produced by HBO, shows the life of four friends who are catapulted into fame and fortune following the success of Vincent Chase. From the alleys of New York, they find themselves in a lifestyle filled with cars and women. The story recalls the challenges and successes of these four comrades, plus their manager, who takes on the jungle of Hollywood and attempts to maintain the bond that they grew up with. This show has indeed captured the attention of audiences, both from the lower and upper strata of the social hierarchy.One can argue that the appeal indeed of Entourage is universal as it attracts audiences from all types and kinds of social background. The secret of this TV series is simply, for it cleverly employs psychological crafting that balances preferences and expectations of people with varied backgrounds. In fact, it plays on the interest and fantasies of the viewers to create a world that defies not only the borders of morality and gend er, but more importantly the borders between social classes, as portrayed by the differences between the ‘simple’ world of some of the main characters and the Hollywood World of Vincent Chase.The Hollywood World vs. the ‘Ordinary’ World In the show, Vincent Chase represents the ultimate Hollywood dream: having a successful career, rich, famous, easy living, simply a celebrity. Here, his Hollywood World is portrayed as something tangible and yet hard to reach for ordinary people, or at least for those who are not as famous and as rich as he is. Commodities are not a problem in this kind of life. Even women and cars, two of the most precious commodities nowadays, are perceived as affordable goods that can be easily purchased every night and can be effortlessly thrown away the next morning.In addition, social gatherings seem to be a disease in the Hollywood World, merely infecting not only celebrities but all those who have the money and the access to the neve r-ending parties on bars and restaurants. It is ironic though, since celebrities most of the times have hectic schedules that do not allow them to party anymore either because they have no free time at all or they are too tired to do so. Nevertheless, in Entourage, Vince Chase and his friends are often living their lives to the fullest by attending as much gatherings as they want.These kinds of scenarios were mainly the bait of the show to attract its viewers. Apart from the ability of the show to relate to its viewers, its dynamic and even tempting projection of the good life is something truly fantastical, and often used as bait for viewers to have then hook to a show that portrays the life they desire. For example, Vincent’s character, as being portrayed in the story, was a sure hook for the audience whose main desire is to know or to get even just a glimpse of his Hollywood World. Not all TV shows promise this kind of excitement.This show caters the primary need of the au dience to ‘sneak in’ to the kind of world that probably most of them have dreamed of once at some point in their lives. It does not matter if in reality they really cannot achieve this Hollywood dream of becoming a Hollywood celebrity; what is more important for them is that they have the means to at least know and be exposed with the Hollywood World. However, the show does not portray all the time this one-day-millionaire-kind of living by Vincent Chase and his friends. It is actually one of the many good things about the show.Hollywood World is not projected as something perfect. It also has the downsides and the loops. For example, the main characters also experience money problems. There was an instance in the 2nd season when Eric, Vince’s best friend and sometimes-manager reminded him that they have already run out of funds- that they are ‘dead broke’. They had to then resort to selling their posh mansion as consequence of financing the movie Me dellian, which is the dream movie of Vince. Even in the midst of fame, they seem to be unable to save and accumulate, because of a very extravagant lifestyle.This characteristic of the show clearly manifests its knowledge about the differences in the lives of an ordinary person and a celebrity like Vincent Chase. However, the show is also conscious about the similarities of the two—that they are both human beings living in the same planet with the same needs and wants and emotions. The show portrayed the life of Vincent Chase as far different from the lives of others, but it never fails to remind its audience that Vincent Chase, just like all of them, is a man with no extraordinary powers like a superhero.He also feels pain sometimes, he can be hurt and wounded, he can be fooled and downed, he can be the same as the rest. What: Demonstration As was aforementioned, one of the greatest strengths of the show is its capacity to portray to its audience the ups and the downs of the Hollywood World. Entourage also emphasizes the idea that the Hollywood World has also its negative side. Whether made intentionally or not, the characters of Drama and Turtle serve as the neutralizers for the grandiosity of Hollywood World being portrayed in the show.Their characters are examples that indeed life in Hollywood is not always a good life. For example, Drama, the brother of Vincent who is foreshadowed eventually by the success of the latter, shows that he can also be a normal, ordinary person even if he is also living the Hollywood World. In the show, he is the cook and the fitness consultant of his half- brother Vincent. Although a celebrity himself, Drama is able to show to the audience how difficult it was to maintain a living in LA. He has to earn more by accepting small commercial offers and movie projects.Sometimes, he has to receive ‘charitable’ works fro his younger brother. There are also times he has to use the status of Vincent to get some proje cts for himself. Being a celebrity is something that should in fact be earned, and not a definite consequence of having money. This star treatment or celebrity status is something that cannot be instantly purchased or bought by any rich person. In the show, Vincent and Drama both have to work hard in order to sustain their statuses, be it financial or social.On the other hand, the main role of Turtle in the show is basically to drive the car of Vincent and to manage the issues of the mansion. In the show, Turtle although at times is parasitic to Vincent, is one of the most loyal and closest to the star. He is actually the supplier of marijuana for the all of them. Again, through the character of Turtle in the show, Entourage has set an irony for the Hollywood World. In the case of Turtle, it is his job that describes that Hollywood is not only for the rich or for the famous ones. It has something to do with ‘connection’.Turtle is not rich and famous and yet he manages t o live the life he basically wanted, simply because he is a friend of a rich, famous celebrity. This two aspects portrayed in the characters of Drama and Turtle lead to one conclusion—that the Hollywood World can be achieved through hard work or through ‘parasitic connections’, or through the use of both. How: Complication It can be noted that the show is promoting unknowingly to its audience a consumerist way of thinking. Exposing to the rich way living, the audience will most likely to be a dreamer of the Hollywood life which they might not afford to have.It is common indeed for the audience to find such interest in shows that features seemingly unreachable things, which is definitely evident in the show, as it boasts parties and lifestyle that is reserved for the moneyed. Adelman notes that Vince Chase and his four friends are constantly surrounded by different things that prove their affluence like fine-dining, the very constant and normal use of marijuana, e ndless supply of beautiful women, and a very active social life to boast all worldly possessions.Adelman also mentions that most of the locations are those that are not accessible to the ordinary person. The TV series presents to the audience a dream life that keeps them interested and wishful. As a result, the audience might produce this thinking that happiness can only be found through social gatherings, weeds, women, cars, mansions, and all sorts of commercialized things. In addition, The show Entourage builds of the American Dream – or what we believe to be the American Dream, which keeps on echoing the theme of the show: that all can succeed.Yet it is quite ironical that the show portrays success as something that can be attained through simple means – like being a movie star, even without employment or hard work. This shows the paradox of the American Dream, where instant fame and fortune is the motivation of many people. The series would play on that desire and dream of the audience, who would then see that these ordinary guys can achieve their dream life. The element of having characters from humble beginnings is a factor that is also considerable, as it establishes a kind of relationship and connection to the audience.Their background is very typical indeed, and they grew up together and went to Hollywood to pursue their dream. This is the dream of all Americans, and it is interesting for them to see that these characters are able to attain their dream for them. With this lurking idea of consumerism being projected in the show, Entourage still is being realistic with its story. For example, the problem with money shows that even a celebrity like Vince Chase experiences money problems like the ordinary person – something that most Americans encounter today with their credit lifestyle.This culture of finances reflects the attitude of Americans, who lives on credit and therefore constantly in the edge in their respective financial st andings. Yet this dilemma is in itself a paradoxical one, as the financial problem of the celebrity is shallow indeed, as it was merely due to the want of financing a film. Furthermore, the captured audience of the show Entourage is largely males, which again establishes the argument that the show is actually promoting sexism.The show clearly identifies to the male viewers, as it continually depicts a lifestyle that is desired by the male: the harem of women, the constant gambling, weed, and parties, the supply of cars and gadgets. These are things that portray a difference in the lifestyle of the male audience as it pictures their own dream lifestyle. Yet aside from this differentiation, the identification factor is strong, as the characters encounters problems and dilemmas experienced by the normal male.The love life for example of Vince Chase is one that is the dream of any male, while the other characters have their respective attitudes and eventually outcomes in their own love life. The problems of friendship, family, and finances are also something that guys can identify and relate with. The popularity of the show among females is similarly increasing, and it is because of class and gender estrangement that they do, as some would argue. The shows appeal to the women is that they would be able to enter the â€Å"man's head†, which is essentially a result of gender difference.Women can identify to the objectification of the female, and can relate with how women are treated as objects. The offer of a look at the male psyche can serve as motivation for women to hence watch the show. Apart from the elaboration of identification and difference of gender as reasons for the show's popularity and appeal, another very notable explanation is that theme and context of the show itself, which is Hollywood. Entourage is appealing to the viewer because it gives them a peak at something that they find glamorous and attractive.The movie industry and its celebrities have always fascinated and mesmerized the American audience, and Entourage gives this audience a view of the celebrity lifestyle. It acquaints the viewer with what occurs behind the camera, and the countless challenges that publicists, producers, and actors themselves have to go through. As the industry is exposed in the series, it is portrayed to not be as glamorous as the audience imagines it. Why: ImplicationThe success of television shows like Entourage would at the end of the day be dependent on how it capable it is to attract and sustain the interest of the audience. The rationale for the popularity of reality shows is that it is in theory â€Å"real†. Yet these supposed realities are increasing becoming unreal and concocted, which is why the audience is continually searching for shows and series that they can relate with. The show Entourage reaches out to the audience, plays on their consciousness and desires, to keep attention to the series.However, Entourage is also portraying the image of the Hollywood dream in the psyche of the audience. It might be unintentional but the audience is actually forming in their minds the idea or thinking that Hollywood is indeed the best place on Earth. That it is the sole place where they can find all sort of things that will caters to all their desires and needs. The audience should be intelligent enough not to be easily affected with this kind of manipulations that are now being used by TV producers and media practitioners in attracting and gaining audience.

See instructions Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

See instructions - Term Paper Example Furthermore, I edited the document two times after each peer review. The first peer reviewer was Robert Luo. He suggested that I should write more clearly about the exact identity of my author and audience, and why HUD intends to offer its TMS to the University of Maryland. He also suggested using a chart to compare HUD’s TMS with other existing systems. Moreover, he provided a good analogy also for the TMS, as he compares it to a central nervous system. He also recommended a white paper format because it can offer more technical and numerical information about the advantages and superiority of the HUD’s TMS compared to other systems. I addressed his issues by changing the format to a white paper one. I also determined a specific audience and clarified why the HUD is reaching out to the University of Maryland in particular. I did not include suggestions about charts and numerical detail because I will be going over the word count and I could not find relevant data at th at time. I will try to include that in future drafts. My second peer reviewer was Kevin Muldoon. He commented on my run-on sentences and unclear choice of words. He also wanted me to elaborate more on the goals of the Office of Sustainability. Furthermore, he recommended deleting the headings and explaining the relevance of and connection among my resources. He added that I should use a bibliography page instead. Moreover, he suggested that I should use a business letter format because it is the best way to get my extended definition paper to the target audience. I addressed these issues by fixing my run-on sentences and simplifying words and sentences to make them clearer. I did not think that I needed to elaborate more on the goals of the Office of Sustainability because I thought it was clear already that they wanted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to help resolve transportation costs and traffic issues. I also changed the format to a business

Political Ideology and MNEs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Ideology and MNEs - Essay Example In the era of globalization, MNEs act as investors to local economies, either inducing or reducing capital based on perceived political conditions. For example, if an MNE perceives the political ideology of a local government to be hostile to business interests, it can simply pull out of the country and invest that capital at a more favourable country. Authors Daniels et al touch upon this important facet to business practice in their book. Just as governing political ideology have a say in MNE decision making, the converse is also true. In this way, MNEs as a collective force hold a veto power over the decisions of governments. By collectively threatening to withdraw capital, MNEs can coerce governments into tailoring policies that suit their ends. Such is the world of real politic that often political ideology comes second to the imperatives of business needs. This other, more vicious, side to MNEs’ relationship to political ideology is not exposited in the book. This is a c onsiderable omission, for, often, businesses operate in the world of real-politic and not stated political ideology. The authors claim in their introduction to the book that their objective is to achieve an â€Å"effective balance between authoritative theory and meaningful practice.† But, disappointingly, this objective has not been met by virtue of the afore-stated omission. Just as Political Ideology has an impact on MNE operations, the local culture also has an impact. This facet to MNE management is brought to light by Redpath & Nielsen in their journal article titled ‘A Comparison of Native Culture, Non-Native Culture and New Management Ideology’ published in the prestigious French language journal Revue Canadienne Des Sciences De L'Administration. One of the challenges facing MNEs when they enter a new market is dealing with local cultural sensibilities. There is no systematic approach to resolving this challenge. Often a charismatic leadership with a tact ful and diplomatic approach toward understanding local culture works best. Daniels et al in their book on International Business do not deal with this component of MNE operations in any great detail. On the other hand, the article by Redpath & Nielsen does. They describe â€Å"Hofstede’s five key dimensions of national cultural differences and examine the connections between cultural values and management practices.† (Redpath & Nielsen, 2007) Hofstede’s dimensions are then analyzed to â€Å"provide insights into the differences between Native and non-Native cultures and how Native organizations may draw on traditional cultural values to improve organizational effectiveness. In general, Native cultures are described as collectivist, egalitarian, adaptive, and tolerant. The argument is made that the cultural context in which Native organizations operate is in many ways more compatible with the new management ideology than is the society in which this ideology pre vails.† (Redpath & Nielsen, 2007) One of the drawbacks in the book by Daniels and his team is the lack of rigor in referring to economic theories that are the backbone of modern business. For example, the major principles of capitalism as laid down by Adam Smith, and which are still central to modern business operations, do find much mention at all. It should be remembered that capitalism is as much a political ideology as it is an economic system. In the era of neoliberal capitalism, this sparse treatment of theory by Daniels et al is a

Analyze 2 poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyze 2 poems - Essay Example Diction is poet’s special way to convey the internal fire, the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings that take the form of art and aesthetics to create the magical effects. The poems being analyzed in this essay are â€Å"For Malcolm, a Year After,† by Etheridge Knight and â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death,† by Emily Dickinson. "For Malcolm, A Year After,† (Hill, n. p.) is a popular ballad. He wrote this poem as an inmate at the Indiana State Prison. This poem is a â€Å"tribute to Malcolm X.†(Hill, n. p.) He asked the fellow â€Å"prisoners about Malcolm X the year after Malcolm’s assassination,† (Hill, n. p.) what was that date. None was able to give the correct answer. An agitated Knight reverted to his barracks and wrote the poem. His angry mood is reflected through the poem. â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death,† is a lyric poem by Emily Dickinson, published posthumously in 1890. Compiled and edited by her fri ends Mabel Loomis Todd and Thomas Wentworth Higginson. The poem was titled, â€Å"The Chariot,† initially. It relates to Death. The poet elucidates Death as a noble individual, who rides the carriage with her body to take it to the grave. In effect, the poet personifies immortality. The main points discussed in the poems are two faces of death. One merging with the eternity, another is the tragic termination of the life-force. Emily Dickinson examines Death from a friendly encounter and from the philosophical perspective of immortality, whereas Etheridge Knight reacts to Death with controlled vehemence for the violent end of an ideologue and challenges the causes leading to that tragedy. The literary element discussed in this paper is diction. Poetic diction is the distinctive language employed by the poets that is not common day slang. Diction involves archaism, rhyme, neologisms and figures of speech. Poetic diction is much different from daily speech and they succeed in de manding the attention of the readers. Words are used intelligently by the poets to convey feelings, action and attitudinal issues. The choice of one word to challenge the other is diction. Dickinson does not turn away from mortality and the she challenges Death as if it is a friendly encounter, --Oh, Death, come on, I sport with you! Thus the choice of diction is critical in the delivery of the message of the poem. â€Å"For Malcolm, A Year After,† is a political support statement for a black leader who commanded the respect of the poet. He intelligently and deliberately â€Å"manipulates metrical tensions and rhyme schemes†,(Hill, n. p.) as he constructs the statement for the slain nationalist leader. He launches the attack with a stinging statement, but holds it well to check the â€Å"self-destructive emotional explosion.†(Hill, n. p.) â€Å"Control the burst of angry words Or they might boil and break the dam† (L, 3-4) â€Å"Rhyme connects the form i n the â€Å"iamb† (L, 2) and the anger in â€Å"dam.† (L, 4) He writes in the language of the white man, but from the bottom of his heart, he rejects it. He detaches himself away from the rhyme in â€Å"mad† (L, 5) â€Å"The second stanza emphasizes that while Knight uses the Euro-American culture's form, he uses it to advance the political cause of Black Nationalism. Inverting the traditional conceit of the poem living eternally despite the death of the man, Knight writes that his poem, an artifact of the oppressive culture, will die, but its message, the message of Malcolm X, will live.†

Families in a Global Context Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Families in a Global Context - Assignment Example Until the 1990s, the issue of migration of women was discussed largely in the context of sex-trafficking. But globalization has unfolded a new phenomenon of overseas migration of women as job seekers. The book, Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy edited by Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russel Hochschild (2003) have revealed there is more to this phenomenon than breaking down of cultural barriers caused by communication revolution and relaxation of patriarchal restraints on the mobility of women. Exploring the avenues that lead to this social behavior, the authors have begun with the socio-economic context in which World Bank and IMF- imposed development models have forced third world governments to tighten their economies thereby leaving their citizens no other option than to leave the country to make a living (Ehrenreich, Hochschild, 2003, p.1-5). And what is peculiar about this migration is that â€Å"today half of all the world’s migrants are wo men.†( Ehrenreich, Hochschild, 1993, p.5) and they migrate mostly to take up low paid jobs as maids and nannies. The picture that emerges is that of a new kind of economic asylum seekers who are the refugees of globalization. These women, according to the book, ease a ‘care deficit’ that has emerged in the first world. This ‘care deficit’ was created in the developed world when the majority of women who used to take care of the young, aged and the sick of the society shifted their energies to paid jobs (Parrenas, 2003, p.35). Growing awareness about women’s rights and the pressure exerted by a competitive economy were the key factors behind this change. The middle class of US was finding it difficult to balance their budget without two paychecks. In the US, 65% of mothers of children aged six, are now doing paid work. (Ely, Scully, Foldy, 2003, p.404). As men were not considered sharing the domestic work even in this changed scenario, it was in evitable that substitutes had to be there to do the family scores.  Ã‚  

You Tube Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

You Tube - Essay Example For instance, it creates a homogenous community among people living in diverse states globally whereby they can share same platform while enjoying similar videos. People have different intentions when posting their videos in Youube. Some post them for entertainment, advertisement whereas others they are merely for discussion or debate besides many other reasons. Portable gadgets characterizing the current technology have in a way helping share much through Youtube. This contributes to its cheapness because one does not need to be in front of a TV or seated in a house so that he or she can watch and listen to a video played by a stationary machine. Hence, it provides an alternative and great way of reaching numerous and different people globally. To shun its misuse, there are set regulations that safeguard the content meant to control what users normally upload in terms of videos and comments such that people do not end up using inappropriate language. Apart from socializing, Youtube has couple of educational channels that fit or benefit all age groups. These channels provide varied learning contents required in each level of education, which is from K-12 to college level besides used as informing tool concerning other none academic sources (Study Mode 2013). Moreover, other channels such as the animal planet provide people with new information that they may need to get. Youtube is changing the way people consume media. For instance, unlike the other forms of media when an advert is made in the Youtube, it remains there forever in which an interested person can get the information he or she needs. This is contrally to the other forms such as the Televisions and Radios, which only broadcast certain information in a given time, besides which even other media forms post their advertisements in the YouTube. Uploading videos in this platform is free, hence changing the ideas of paying for the advertisements by some media consumers such as musicians, companies, schools

Biographical Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biographical Narrative - Essay Example What I learned is that their physical pain is not as deep as emotional pain and that moved me. I resolved to become a nurse because it is a step to further help people heal, at least physically. My crusade continued after I graduated from high school since I worked hard to get CNA, Phlebotomy certification and LPN. It dawned on me that a nurse has a very big responsibility in delivering quality health care to patients. In fact, Donna Wilk Cardillo is right by saying that â€Å"nurses are the heart of healthcare†. Without nurses, doctors would have a hard-time managing the patients because the nurses attend to the patients more than doctors do. Today, I am still continuing my quest to become a professional nurse by getting into this program. My experience here has taught me not only knowledge and skills but the values of perseverance, commitment and hard-work. I couldn’t be more thankful for being taught by MSN, Nurse practitioners and PhD Nurses. Their experience and kn owledge has greatly sharpened my skills and kindled my desire to help sick people. I am not just a learner; I am a person who acts and thinks like a nurse who is willing to render the best service possible.

Yahoo Inc. Strategic Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Yahoo Inc. Strategic Analysis - Case Study Example Yahoo’s main competitor is Google that is constantly bringing, in new digital products, to stay on top of the market. The major targets that the company concentrates on are the Users, the advertisers and publishers. By offering their services to these groups of people, they generate income that will enable them continue running the company. Over the years, the company has been implementing various strategies that would enable it improve the services offered and the amount of revenue collected. Such moves included hiring competent employees, introducing more services and setting up a webpage that is enticing and will enable them get a number of clicks. In the face of rising competition in the market environment, the company has strived to improve in its revenues and competitive position in the market. This study, therefore, looks into the various strategic aspects that the company has put, in place, to compete favorable in the market. With other big players like Google in the m arket, the strategies put in place by the company would ensure fairness in the market competition. The Yahoo Inc strategies Internal analysis The Yahoo Inc Company has largely placed its focus on products and people since this form the basis of their operations. The company’s major goal was to bring quality products into the market. In a bid to improve its existence, the yahoo company produced new products such as the new and improved version of the Yahoo mail. Different from the initial versions, this new version could be accessed on other mobile devices such as iPhone, windows 8, iPod and Android OS. The introduction of this new version greatly changed the market competition since many people could access yahoo services from their devices. At the same time, the new Yahoo mail version was blended with flicker, a photo sharing application that enable users to capture and share their photos easily across the social media networks such s facebook, twitter or Tumblr among other through email. At the same time, in a bid to improve the internal structure of the company, talented persons were hired and placed into administrative posts. Relatively, the company acquired mobile phone application developers who would enable them to invent applications that would bring their services closer and closer to the customers. Through this team, the company established a professional team of engineers, designers and managers who would ensure the company attains its set target. In order to ensure the company maintains exemplary performance, a hiring system was put in place that was rigorous and intensive. Employee performance was also evaluated quarterly, with a provision of perfect working environment for all of the workers. Within the management system, the company developed a policy that would enable it monitor the performance of its products and services across the web. Such system was also designed to address the internal issues that the company faced. The incorporati on of these internal factors was meant to place the company in a competitive position that would ensure better products and services offered to the customers. This system also ensured accountability on the side of every employee as well as the other people working in the company. External analysis In terms of external factors, the company has set up various strategies to enable it interact well moreover, competitively in the business environment. This implies that they had to launch new products that would attract many people towards using their services. Thus, in order to provide a lasting advertising solution, the company decided to launch a yahoo genome. This advertising platform was meant to ease

Accounting Standards Essay Example for Free

Accounting Standards Essay INTRODUCTION Accounting Standards are employed to build the application of accounting practice. The actual financial position of the company can not be presented accurately and precisely with adhering to the principles and standards. Due the evolution of time, the concept has changed to suit the needs of the industry and is also continuously to changing to needs. With rapid change and development of wealth, trade and technology, there was a need to account the business transaction due to intricacy involved. Due to the mode of writing and numbers which facilitated the accounting process. It is accountants who helped in the development of economic and commerce by providing valuable services to the community. See more: Satirical essay about drugs HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF ACCOUNTING STANDARD: Pacioli is being considered the father of the Accounting. The first double entry book-keeping was developed around 1200 B.C   in Italy followed by first book on double entry was written by Luca Pacioli in 1494. Due to the advent of Industrial Revolution around 1750, business expanded rapidly which catapulted mass transportation, invention of new products and new markets, development of capital markets and as the result, the role of accountant become inevitable to any industry. As development of trade grows, the need for professional accountants also nurtured in a fast pace. Society of Accountants was established in 1854 in Edinburg which was accorded a royal charter which recognized the profession’s role in the trade and commerce. In U.S, the first such professional society was the American Association of Public Accountants, chartered by the state of New York in 1887. Cost accounting was developed to augment the efficiency in the manufacturing Units. Management Accounting was developed to advise the business to make strategic business decisions. During 20th Century, United States has overtaken the British and become the leading industrial power in the world. The growth of industries like U.S. steel and Standard Oil demanded more classy accounting systems to keep track record of expanding business divisions within these huge business corporations.   As insiders of the industry took advantages by stock manipulations, price fixing and other questionable business practices mainly to derive benefits thereby depriving the interest of gullible investors. All the states of the U.S.A and Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia stipulates through law that an accountant should have specific educational and experience requirements and should passes an qualifying examination and will be granted a title known as Certified Public Accountants. [CPA]. Now, CPA’s have structured in to State and national societies. In United States, American Institute of Certified is the prime body representing accounting profession, which is the contemporary successor organization of the American Association of Public Accountants and the American Accounting Association organized in 1916. In United States , the Financial Accounting Standards Boards [ FASB] , an independent non-governmental organization supported by financial-reporting industry groups , is the nodal institution accountable for establishing accounting standards and rules whereas the International Accounting Standards Boards [ IASB] formulates rules and standards that are recognized and used by many nations. With fast growth of corporate activity, the need for sophisticated accounting methods has increased and accounting has witnessed many improvements in theory and techniques. The ever changing tax laws and regulations is causing change in accounting methods frequently as it is necessary to maintain homogeneous accounts for governmental statutory requirements or public scrutiny. A series of exposures pertaining to accounting firm’s failure to detect or openly challenge irregularities or fraud as in the case of World.com and Enron, when auditing finances of a number of corporations compelled Congress to establish the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board in 2002. Securities and Exchange Commission has been allocated power to appoint the above board to register and regulate accountants and firms to act as auditors. It sets standards for auditing and is responsible for reviewing audits and disciplining accountants and accounting firms.   [1] SIGNIFICANCE OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS: Accounting standards are significant as they guarantee improved public accountability and offer effective and efficient functioning of the trade and commerce of a nation. They play a vital role for complete understanding of political, economical and social consequences of allocation and proper utilization of government resources both at the federal and at the State levels. Improper and bad accounting may lead to serious long term consequences .Accounting standards can be misused to offer misleading information of a business. FREE MARKET APPROACH OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS: It refers to a method applied by private sector wherein creation of an economic market in which business is ruled by the laws of supply and demand and not by the unwanted government interference, subsidy or regulation. Under this accounting standard, voluntary disclosure of activity -based cost data which offers a new approach of functional process and provides more alternatives for decision makers. In a real free market, accounting standards would enhance as corporations and accountants vie to offer the best information to shareholders. In a free market, the aspiration for profit is satisfied by long-range, honest, rational behavior thereby innovating, by employing best employees, by offering quality products and by providing accurate information to investors. Business is required to provide accurate information to investors else it would loose its reputation and credibility in the market. The current FASB is so cumbersome and complex that an ordinary lay man finds it difficult to interpret the same. Most companies in U.S.A now started to follow dual reporting. For instance, AMD and Intel release two sets of accounting reports: one as per FASB guidelines which is mandated by the regulation and other based on simple accounting standards that they deem that it being more informative to shareholders. There are certain existing statues which refuse the shareholders to overthrow existing corrupt or incompetent management. For instance, Anti-hostile takeover legislation which was passed in 1968 has made it complex to replace incompetent management .Arcane regulations passed in 1930 limit the capacity of the financial entities such as insurance companies, pension funds and mutual funds that own major shareholding in corporations to participate in the board for decision taking and for joint deliberations. Hence, the opportunity to safeguard the interest is being denied by arcane regulations. If the U.S government is really interested in the healthy stock market, it should exhibit it by deleting, not adding, regulations and building the market truly free. PRIVATE SECTOR REGULATION OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS Stock Exchange Commission [SEC] supports on an independent, private sector standards –setting process mainly through open and deliberate. Though the commission has the statutory authority to frame accounting principles , it has not do so for the last 60 years .Instead it has assigned the onus to the private sector for leadership in establishing and enhancing the accounting standards. It is the private sector standards-setting process, as supervised by the SEC has resulted in existence of a quality accounting standards and strong capital markets in USA as of today. EVOLUTION OF REGULATORY APPROACH: After the end of the First World War in 1919, there was spurt in investment in securities by investors. Around 1920, more than .02 billion large and small shareholders availed the benefits of post-war affluence and ready to avail sudden wealth from stock market and due to boom, more than $ 50 billion worth in new stock was floated during this time. The famous stock market crash in 1929 which was notoriously known as â€Å"Black Friday† resulted in loss of faith by investors on the capital markets. Many investors were turned as pauper over a night. It was observed that if at all economy was to recover, the public’s confidence on capital market required to be refurbished. Congress was forced to find out a solution for this problem and it held many deliberations on the subject and finally passed the â€Å"Securities Act of 1933 â€Å"and the â€Å"Securities Exchange Act† of 1934. The prime goal for the establishment of Securities exchange commission was mainly to enforce the fresh security laws, to build confidence, to provide stability to the market and last but not the least to offer protection to investors. Stock Exchange Commission [SEC] was toothed with mandate to formulate accounting principles and standards. It is to be noted that even though SEC was accorded the power to supervise the accounting practice, SEC is of the opinion that the private sector is having ample resources and ability to build up suitable accounting standards. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants [AICPA] had been in the field since 1887. As a federation of state societies, American Society of Certified Public Accountants was established in 1921 and later merged with the Institute during 1936. Due to persuasion from the SEC, the AICPA appointed the committee on accounting procedure in 1939. Committee on Accounting Procedure [CAP] released about 51 accounting research bulletin between 1939 and 1959. Though, these bulletins were able to solve the problems now and then as they emerged but could not address the issues relating to accounting principles. To resolve the accounting principles issues, AICPA established a new standard setting body in 1959 namely the â€Å"Accounting Principles Board† [APB].The main goal of the APB is to establish appropriate practices, formulate accounting principles and to minimize the discrepancies in practices. Though the APB released about 31 opinions between 1959 and 1973, it was dissolved for absence of productivity. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles [GAAP] are an anthology of conventions, procedures and rules that describe accepted accounting practices. Though it is not accorded as mandatory by any statute, SEC advises that it should be followed in all financial reporting of publicly traded companies. GAAP can thus be explained as a cluster of conventions and objectives that have been developed over time to oversee how financial statements are being prepared and presented. The three nodal authorities’ viz. the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, The Financial Accounting Standards Boards and Exchange Commission offer regulation concerning acceptable accounting practices. The GAAP is founded on four basic assumptions as per the details below: Economic Entity concept- It stresses the business as a separate entity and to segregate income and expenses of business from that of personal. Going concern assumption which assumes that business will carry on for a longer period to validate the methods of capitalization of assets, provision for depreciation and amortization. Monetary unit assumption which fixes US dollar as the monetary unit for accounting purpose Periodicity assumption facilitates recording of business operations and separating into different periods. This is mainly to facilitate for comparison between past and present performance of the business.   FASB’s basic principles are detailed below: Historical Cost Principle- This requires business to account and report on cost of acquisition basis rather than present market value of the assets and liabilities. Financial reports and statements are prepared in accordance with set of rules , procedure and standards for reporting financial information known as the â€Å" Generally Accepted Accounting principles† (GAAP) , as established by the Financial Accounting Standard Board ( FASB). This standard stipulates that a company â€Å"account for all of their assets or economic resources according to their historical cost.† (Horngreen, Stratton Sundem, p.6) Revenue Recognition principle or accrual basis of accounting requires business to record when the revenue is realized or earned and not when the cash is earned. Matching principle – Expenses has to be matched with the revenues where it is possible Full disclosure principle- Business should offer all the significant information relating to the company though it may not affect company’s financial statements. For instance, Tax disputes, lawsuits, takeover information and possible contingent liabilities of the business are to be disclosed by way of footnotes to the financial reporting. INHERENT DISADVANTAGES OF THE FASB Cost –benefit relation ship: It emphasizes that benefit of offering financial information should also be weighted against cost of providing it. Materiality- It refers to the significance of the item reported and it is to be weighed amount reported will have impact on third party’s decision based on the information provided. The Industry Practice Constraint – Conservative approach stresses that it is better to understate the financial statements rather than overstating it. The after effects of Enron, WorldCom, Inc have forced the Congress to enact Sarbanes Oxley Act in 2002.   The other accounting reforms announced is the creation of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board [PCAOB] to supervise the audits of the Public companies. PACOB has been entrusted with wide authority to regulate the auditing profession. PACOB has been toothed with powers like imposing civil penalty and to impose permanent revocation of an auditing firm’s ability to audit public companies. 8, SWITCHING TO PRINCIPLES BASED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM: There is strong suggestion from various quarters that U.S should abandon the current â€Å"rules-based† system in favor of a â€Å"principles-based accounting†. If that happens, the critics are of the view that all the current difficulties being faced by U.S financial reporting would be alleviated or eliminated. Further section 108 of the Sarbanes –Oxley Act of 202 stipulates that SEC to conduct a study on the adoption of a principle based accounting system. [2] CONCLUSION: Globalization offers both impetus and opportunity and it is time to streamline the FASB guidelines in tune with changing scenario.[3] It is to be noted that FASB has recently issued special report on Leases thereby implementing a new approach, is recognition of the need to review existing standards. Hence it is necessary not only to review its leases guidelines but for all current standards. The current FASB is high technical and complex in nature and may not help the investing public to understand the same without the guidance of professionals on the subject. When most of the countries around the globe have switched from complex to simpler guidelines, U.S can also follow them. In setting standards on national or global basis, technical correctness is regarded as less important than the comparability among reporting entities. Globalization in commerce here has become the order of the day and U.S accounting standards must reflect true global interests. Sticking to technically sound accounting standards would not help to develop acceptable, meaningful international standards. FASB should take avail this opportunity to update and even change the standards. The accounting profession and accounting standard setters should unite together in their effort to assure simpler, more beneficial and easy to understand U.S and worldwide accounting standard. BIBILIOGRAPHY Van Riper, R. 1994, Setting Standards for Financial Reporting: FASB and the Struggle for Control of a Critical Process. CT: Quorum Books. Westport. Hartgraves, A. L., Benston, G. J. 2002, â€Å"The Evolving Accounting Standards for Special Purpose Entities and Consolidations†. Accounting Horizons, 16(3), 245+. Barker, Richard, 2004, Reporting Financial Performance. Accounting Horizons 18, no. 2 157+. Bekesford, Dennis R. 1999,Its Time to Simplify Accounting Standards. Journal of Accountancy 187, no. 3: 65. Beresford, Dennis R. 2001,Congress Looks at Accounting for Business Combinations. Accounting Horizons 15, no. 1: 73. Derieux, Samuel A. 2000,Lets Reassess Accounting Standards. Journal of Accountancy 189, no. 5: 82. Dye, Ronald A., and Shyam Sunder. 2001,Why Not Allow FASB and IASB Standards to Compete in the U.S.? Accounting Horizons 15, no. 3: 257. 1992,The Financial Accounting Standards Board. Journal of Accountancy 173, no. 6: 4. Fleming, Peter D. 1991,The Growing Importance of International Accounting Standards; Arthur R. Wyatt, Chairman of the International Accounting Standards Committee Heralds International Harmonization. Journal of Accountancy 172, no. 3 100+. Gornik-Tomaszewski, Sylwia, and Irene N. McCarthy. 2003,Cooperation between FASB and IASB to Achieve Convergence of Accounting Standards. Review of Business 24, no. 2: 52+. Hartgraves, Ai L., and George J. Benston. 2002, The Evolving Accounting Standards for Special Purpose Entities and Consolidations. Accounting Horizons 16, no. 3: 245+. Herrmann, Don, and Ian P.N. Hague. 2006, Convergence: In Search of the Best CPAs Should Understand How U.S. and Foreign Accounting Standards Influence Each Other. Journal of Accountancy 201, no. 1: 69+. Houston, Melvin, and Alan Reinstein. 2001, International Accounting Standards and Their Implications for Accountants and U.S. Financial Statement Users. Review of Business 22, no. 1: 75. Monson, Dennis W. 2001, The Conceptual Framework and Accounting for Leases. Accounting Horizons 15, no. 3: 275. Nobes, Christopher W. 2005,Rules-Based Standards and the Lack of Principles in Accounting. Accounting Horizons 19, no. 1: 25+. Radig, William J., and Brian Louder milk. 1998,Leading the Way to Uniform Accounting Principles. Review of Business 19, no. 3: 22+. Schipper, Katherine. 2003, Principles-Based Accounting Standards. Accounting Horizons 17, no. 1: 61+. Silliman, Benjamin Rue. 2005,Convergence of Accounting Standards: A Comparative Analysis of the U.S. Revised Standard on Share-Based Payment and the International Accounting Standards Boards IFRS 2. Review of Business 26, no. 2: 24+. Wyatt, Arthur R., and Joseph F. Yospe. 1993,Wake-Up Call to American Business: International Accounting Standards Are on the Way. Journal of Accountancy 175, no. 7: 80+. [1] Encyclopedia Article Title: Accounting. Encyclopedia Title: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Publisher: Columbia University Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2004. [2] Article Title: Principles-Based Accounting Standards. Contributors: Katherine Schipper author. Journal Title: Accounting Horizons. Volume: 17. Issue: 1. Publication Year: 2003. Page Number: 61+. [3] Article Title: Lets Reassess Accounting Standards. Contributors: Samuel A. Derieux author. Journal Title: Journal of Accountancy. Volume: 189. Issue: 5. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: 82

Youngwomen, self-esteem, and the confidence gap Essay Example for Free

Youngwomen, self-esteem, and the confidence gap Essay In 1990, The American Association of University Women conducted a national survey to find out the attitudes that three thousand boys and girls between the ages of nine and fifteen had about themselves and school. From their findings, they found that as young girls reach adolescence their self-esteem drops rapidly. It was also found that this loss of confidence was severe among ethnic groups. The survey also helped to support years of research evidence documenting gender bias in American Education. Peggy Orenstein in association with the American Association of University Women released her book SchoolGirls: Young women, self-esteem, and the confidence gap in 1994 in response to the survey report entitled Shortchanging Girls, Shortchanging America. In this book, Orenstein writes of her first hand experience with a behind the scenes look of adolescent girls everyday lives. The narrative explores the human side of the statistics found during the report as well as providing insight into how the education system often restricts girls from getting the experience they deserve. The first two parts of the book take place at two California middle schools, which are fifty miles apart from one another, but they seem like two different worlds. Weston is a predominately white suburban middle school with a reputation for excellence, while Audubon is located in a beleaguered urban community that is ninety percent ethnic minority, mostly poor or working poor (p. xxii). My criteria was simple, says Orenstein, I chose schools based on their racial and economic makeup and the willingness of the administrators, teachers, and students to participate (p. xxi). Results from both of these schools in which Orenstein observed are presented in both sections. The third section of the book, is spent in a classroom where gender equity is practiced. The findings from Weston are separated into six chapters. The first of these chapters discusses how girls learn to be silent, inactive participants in the classroom. Orenstein points out that the ratio of talk in the classroom was approximately five boys to one girl. Chapter two shows how the hidden curriculum teaches girls to be submissive and deferential. Girls are seen as facing much contradiction. They are supposed to be outspoken, yet they face a thin line on just how far they should carry out this characteristic. In chapter three, an even more contradictory line is examined. Girls protest to being called a schoolgirl, but being called a slut is not a good thing either. They constantly have to supervise their intelligence and their sexual desire.

Analysis of Media Text

Analysis of Media Text TMA02 The first analysed text is an article published in 2016 in Guardian: Maria Sharapova provisionally banned from tennis after revealing failed drug tests, written by Carpenter. (Appendix 1) This will be compared against Maria Sherapova hits out at the media coverage of failed drug test scandal, by N.Evans, published in Mirror in the same year. Despite the fact that these texts have some similarities, they also contain significant differences. Throughout the provided comparison. I will be highlighting process types as can be seen in Appendix 3 and 4. I will further on compare the two texts processes and separate them into categories, reflected in Table 1, which will lead to establishing the most often used verbal groups. Following step will be to identify the actors and material processes in order to establish the active participants. This is reflected in Table 2, as well as in Appendix 3 and 4. Upon collecting all the data I will then attempt to interpret and analyse the results. As mentioned above, in Table 1 the processes identified in each of the categories have been grouped. Both texts use heavily material processes, however, the Mirror text tends to have more verbal and mental processes. The next step in the process has been to identify the actors in both texts and grouping them into categories, as such: Maria Sherapova consisted of she, champion, the 28 year old, the former number one, substance, Wada, etc. The next step in the process has been to identify the actors in both texts and grouping them into categories, as such: Maria Sherapova consisted of she, champion, the 28 year old, the former number one, substance, Wada, etc. Table 3 is consisted of a comparison between text A and text B and the way goals are portrayed in each of the texts, also portrayed in Appendix 3 and 4. Material processes, as well as verbal processes are vital in helping writers assume a certain position regarding the subject of any communication. Upon analysing Table 1 we can see that there is a similar amount of material processes, however, in the second article, Maria is attributed a multitude of them: {..}hits out, .. has hit, tested, but in the same time the Mirror article contains more verbal and mental processes, such as Im proud, I hope, etc. In the first text, as mentioned before, there are plenty of material processes, this is because these are the main ways of providing an animated portrayal of participants and events. It plays a vital role in realizing the swaying function of the text. Restricting the usability of statements is one of the roles played by nominalization. The texts in both newspapers utilize nominalization to establish existence of prepositions before presenting arguments, which are certainly debatable in themselves. Nominalization usually transforms a deb atable process into something, which its existence is more complex to question. For example, in the Text B, people will believe is a good nominalization that is being used. On the other hand, she believed is a good example of nominalization used in Text A. As can be seen in Appendix 1 and 2, both articles are mostly focused on Maria Sherapovas failed drug tests. Through the relational process attributed to the tennis player, few athletes are like Sherapova, the author is helping readers to view participants in certain ways, in this case, as special athlete, that would admit her mistake in order to take control of the story (Appendix 1). The pronoun she is the most prevalent participants in the text by Carpenter (2016). On the other hand, the I pronoun is the most common participants in the text by Evans (2016). The pronouns are commonly employed as an actor in the material processes. Modality refers to the expression of probability. It is the grammars way of articulating the writers verdict, without making first person explicit. In the first text, modality is utilized to express his position regarding WADA decision about their chances of banning the drug. The writer says that the previous year WADA was studying the drug, and the athletes needed to take warning that the drug could be burned soon. On the other hand, on the Evans text, he writes that Sharapova that after ITF hearing, she will be allowed to play again. The will in this text represents the probability of her being allowed to participate in tennis game again. In both articles the themes has no personal element, which makes the texts extremely impersonalised. The main identified information providers are declaratives: Maria Sharapova has been provisionally banned from tennis (appendix 1), however the Carpenter article is at times empathetic towards Maria Sharapova, by comparing her with other Most sports stars try to hide positive tests for performance-enhancing drugs, hoping news will not break until a suspension is revealed (Appendix 1). The tone of the second article appears to be instigating adverse opinions: Tennis ace Maria Sharapova has hit out at some media accounts of her doping scandal in a furious open letter. (Appendix 1) APPENDIX 1 || Maria Sharapova provisionally banned from tennis || after revealing failed drugs test || || Maria Sharapova has been provisionally banned from tennis || after she revealed on Monday || she tested positive at the Australian Open for a recently banned drug [[ that she has been taking for 10 years for health reasons. ]] || || Sharapova claimed || she was prescribed meldonium by her doctor in 2006 || to deal with health issues such as an irregular heartbeat and a history of diabetes in her family. || But the substance was added to the banned list in January of this year || because Wada said || there was evidence of its use by athletes with the intention of enhancing performance. || || Sharapovas announcement is almost unprecedented for a top athlete. || Most sports stars try to hide positive tests for performance-enhancing drugs, || hoping news will not break || until a suspension is revealed. || But few athletes are like Sharapova || who has made herself into the highest-paid female in sport, > through a series of high-end endorsement deals. || The implication [[ that Sharapova has been cheating ]] can be a devastating blow to those deals. || By revealing the test results herself || she is attempting to take control of the story, || hoping that > || people will believe || she is being honest || and really was taking mildronate for health purposes. || || Meldonium was developed years ago in Latvia || to treat patients with heart conditions [[ brought on by a lack of oxygen in their blood. ]] || It has become popular with athletes || who use the oxygen-enhancers || to improve endurance, || especially when working out. || Last year Wada announced || that it was carefully studying the drug, || allowing athletes || to take it with the warning [[ that it could soon be banned.]] || A few months into that study Wada said || meldonium was being moved to 2016s banned list. || (Carpenter, L. (2016) Maria Sharapova provisionally banned from tennis after revealing failed drugs test, The Guardian) APPENDIX 2 || Maria Sharapova hits out at media coverage of failed drugs test scandal || || Tennis ace Maria Sharapova has hit out at some media accounts of her doping scandal in a furious open letter. || || The five times grand slam champion admitted || she tested positive for the banned drug meldonium at the Australian Open in January. || || The 28-year-old is facing a suspension of up to four years by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) || and has already lost numerous sponsorships in the aftermath. || || In a post on her Facebook account, the former world number one thanked her fans for their tremendous outpouring of support || before launching into a critique of [[ what [[ she believed ]] were some inaccurate reports. ]] ]] || || A report said || that I had been warned five times about the upcoming ban on the medicine [[ I was taking. ]] || That is not true || and it never happened, || Sharapova wrote. || || Russian Sharapova said || she was making no excuses || for not knowing about the ban [[ that went into effect on January 1, ]] || but said || that after the first announcement, other notices were buried in newsletters, websites, or handouts.|| Again, no excuses, || but its wrong || to say || I was warned five times, || said Sharapova, || who has said || she took the drug for 10 years due to a family history of heart issues and diabetes. || || The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) added meldonium to their banned substance list || after concluding [[ that it improves blood flow and || boosts exercise capacity. ]] || || Im proud of [[ how I have played the game.]] || I have been honest and upfront, || Sharapova said. || I look forward to the ITF hearing || at which time they will receive my detailed medical records. || I hope || I will be allowed to play again. || (Evans, N. (2016) Maria Sharapova hits out at media coverage of failed drugs test scandal, The Mirror) APPENDIX 3 Process RED Actor GREEN || Maria Sharapova provisionally banned from tennis || after revealing failed drugs test || || Maria Sharapova has been provisionally bannedMA from tennis || after she revealed V on Monday || she tested MA positive at the Australian Open for a recently banned drug [[ that she has been taking MA for 10 years for health reasons. ]] || || Sharapova claimedV || she was prescribed MA meldonium by her doctor in 2006 || to deal MA with health issues such as an irregular heartbeat and a history of diabetes in her family. || But the substance was added MA to the banned list in January of this year || because Wada said V || there was R evidence of its use by athletes with the intention of enhancing performance. || || Sharapovas announcement is almost unprecedented R for a top athlete. || Most sports stars try MA to hide MA positive tests for performance-enhancing drugs, || hoping M news will not break R || until a suspension is revealed R . || But few athletes are like R Sharapova || who has made R herself into the highest-paid female in sport, > through a series of high-end endorsement deals. || The implication [[ that Sharapova has been cheating MA ]] can be R a devastating blow to those deals. || By revealing V the test results herself || she is attempting R to take control R of the story, || hoping M that > || people will believe M || she is being honest R || and really was taking MA mildronate for health purposes. || || Meldonium was developed MA years ago in Latvia || to treat MA patients with heart conditions [[ brought on by a lack of oxygen in their blood. ]] || It has become R popular with athletes || who use MA the oxygen-enhancers || to improve MA endurance, || especially when working out MA. || Last year Wada announced V || that it was carefully studying MA the drug, || allowing MA athletes || to take it MA with the warning [[ that it could soon be banned R.]] || A few months into that study Wada said V || meldonium was being moved MA to 2016s banned list. || (Carpenter, L. (2016) Maria Sharapova provisionally banned from tennis after revealing failed drugs test, The Guardian) APPENDIX 4 Process RED Actor GREEN || Maria Sharapova hits out at media coverage of failed drugs test scandal || || Tennis ace Maria Sharapova has hit out MA at some media accounts of her doping scandal in a furious open letter. || || The five times grand slam champion admitted V|| she tested MA positive for the banned drug meldonium at the Australian Open in January. || || The 28-year-old is facing MA a suspension of up to four years by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) || and has already lost MA numerous sponsorships in the aftermath. || || In a post on her Facebook account, the former world number one thanked V her fans for their tremendous outpouring of support || before launching MA into a critique of [[ what [[ she believed ]] were MA some inaccurate reports. ]] ]] || || A report said V || that I had been warned R five times about the upcoming ban on the medicine [[ I was taking. ]] || That is not true R || and it never happened MA, || Sharapova wrote MA. || || Russian Sharapova said V || she was making V no excuses || for not knowing M about the ban [[ that went into effect on January 1, ]] || but said V || that after the first announcement, other notices were MA buried in newsletters, websites, or handouts.|| Again, no excuses, || but its wrong R|| to say V || I was warned MA five times, || said V Sharapova, || who has said V || she took MA the drug for 10 years due to a family history of heart issues and diabetes. || || The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) added MA meldonium to their banned substance list || after concluding MA [[ that it improves blood flow and || boosts MA exercise capacity. ]] || || Im proud M of [[ how I have played the game.]] || I have been R honest and upfront, || Sharapova said V. || I look forward M to the ITF hearing || at which time they will receive MA my detailed medical records. || I hope R || I will be allowed MA to play MA again. || (Evans, N. (2016) Maria Sharapova hits out at media coverage of failed drugs test scandal, The Mirror)

The Progressive Era Essay example -- essays research papers

Industrialization led to the rise of big businesses at the expense of the worker. Factory laborers faced long hours, low wages, and unsanitary conditions. The large corporations protected themselves by allying with political parties. The parties, in turn, were controlled by party leaders, rather than by the members. Many people felt that all power rested with the politicians and businessmen. Reformers known as Progressives attempted to undo the problems caused by industrialization. The Progressive movement sought to end the influence of large corporations, provide more rights and benefits to workers, and end the control possessed by party leaders. At the national level, Progressivism centered on defeating the power of large businesses. The Progressive Era was a period in American history in which improving working conditions, exposing corruption, improving the way of life, expanding democracy, and making reforms were the objectives at hand. With the emergence of the Progressive Era two important figures gradually emerged as well. One of the mentioned figures, President Theodore Roosevelt, succeeded to the Presidency when President McKinley was assassinated in 1901, helped the Progressive movement greatly. Another figure, although a Democrat is Woodrow Wilson who much like Roosevelt still pushed for progressive reforms. Each of the mentioned figures did their share in re-establishing a â€Å"fair† government that would work for the people and not for the large corporations and mon...

Types of Motivation Essay -- essays papers

Types of Motivation Before we can examine different theories of achieving student motivation we must understand what it is. An article from ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) pointed out an important distinction in types of motivation (1997): â€Å"Student motivation naturally has to do with students' desire to participate in the learning process. But it also concerns the reasons or goals that underlie their involvement or noninvolvement in academic activities.† These two types of motivation are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. If a learner is motivated intrinsically than they â€Å"learn for the sake of learning†. As opposed to an extrinsically motivated learner who will perform a task for external reasons such as good grades, prizes, etc. This difference is important to point out because different theories have different kinds of motivation as their final goal. One of the five theories that are going to be explored is problem-based learning. Problem Based Learning Often when sitting in any classroom either as a student or as a teacher one will invariably hear a student complain â€Å"when will I ever use this in real life?† This question occurs whenever a student is studying a subject that he/she did not choose for him/herself. Since high schools today do not allow students to pick and choose their classes, this is a huge problem in American high schools. Peter Ommundsen (1999) thinks that this inability to see the relevance of a subject to students’ lives in one the main obstacles in getting student motivation to increase. He presents the idea that to get students more involved one must use problem-based learning. â€Å"Problem-based learning (PBL) inspires students by involving them in meaningful activities rat... ...rstanding and Meaning by Students. (1994). North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. Retrieved April 20th from the web: http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/content/cntareas/science/sc3learn.htm MacKinnon, M. (1999). CORE Elements of Student Motivation in Problem-Based Learning. In M. Theall (Ed.) Motivation from Within: Approaches for Encouraging Faculty and Students to Excel (pp.49-58). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. McCombs, B., & Whisler, J.S. (1997). The Learner-Centered Classroom and School. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Nakamura, R. (2000). Healthy Classroom Management. Australia: Wadsworth. Ommundsen, P. (1999). Problem-based Learning. In K. Ahmet & S. Fallows (Eds.), Inspiring Students: Case Studies in Motivating the Learner (pp.25-32). London, NJ: Kogan page. Reeves, D. (2002). The Daily Disciplines of Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Over Population Essay -- essays research papers

The population of our planet will quickly reach a point where there will not be adequate amount of resources to support life on Earth. Population control must be enforced to avoid such a catastrophic occurrence. Many economic, social and environmental problems are either affiliated with or are increased due to overpopulation. With an exponentially increasing world population, the problems created by overpopulation grow correspondingly. In order to stabilize the massive population, the world must work together to maintain population stability. One of the main reasons is due to the fact that Man treats his surroundings, for example like his land, his environment, his atmosphere, his waters and other life forms as merely objects. Man utilizes, destroys and discards them when he’s finish. If Man does not respect his planet, there will be nothing left except for a dead, barren wasteland. We must act soon or better yet, now. The earth does not have enough resources to supply the cur rent enormous population growth. In many areas, there is simply not enough food to feed the growing populations. 150 million children in the world suffer from poor health due to food shortages. Alongside with food, there is another resource that cannot keep up with the increasing population, that is water. Our supply of fresh water is very essential to life and limited. Eventhough, our earth is covered with 2/3 of water and 1/3 land, converting salt water to fresh water can be expensive. In additi...

Juvenile Delinquency Factors Pertaining to Criminal Behavior Essay

This was pounded home in this statement made by Congressman Bobby Scott who said, â€Å"Giving a 10-year mandatory minimum for a second offense fist fight is not going to reduce the chance that someone will be stabbed 16 times when you are not funding any of the programs that are desperately needed to actually reduce juvenile crime†. Juveniles are the future so it is important that we look at cause of criminal behavior within this age group. In order to provide them with outlets that influence their outlook on life and futures and this can only be done if we know what it is that has influenced their life thus far and how we can implement things into their environment that will change their outlook. The first place to look is the family because these are usually the people that the closest and usually the most influential on young people. According to David P. Farrington a Professor of Criminology research has shown that 53 percent of 1,000 adults when asked what they perceived to be the main cause of violence, they agreed it was lack of discipline. And according to Professor Farrington academic research performed in 1997 confirmed the earlier finding. Discipline in the school system was also a factor according to about 15 % of those same adults. The other factors for juvenile delinquency in this research were poverty, violence on television, broken homes as well as drugs and alcohol. This research had to then divide the family influences into six different categories. The first says that delinquent and antisocial children are usually influenced by parents and siblings that are antisocial and or criminal. The greatest influence among 400 males that research was performed on found that males between eight years old and 48 was the convicted father and 63% of those with convicted fathers ended up being convicted as well. In a akin research on families with multiple children it was seen that the older children were convicted more often than younger siblings and only 6% percent of these families ended up with all the children being convicted. What we see here is that home is often times the start of delinquency because problems at home can affect other areas in a child’s life. At times though other areas of the child’s life can affect his or her behavior and may not have anything to do with home life although family may see some differences in the child but not know what has caused the behavior or ignore it thinking this maybe something that the child would out grow. That behavior though at times can a child’s way of crying out for help or attention. Some other things that may trigger delinquency are failure or poor academic levels in school. This can cause frustration and lack of attendance, outburst that can lead to a child being expelled from school. Poor social skills leaving a child feeling unwanted or unable to blend in with his or her peers may cause the child to withdraw and not be able to ask for help or act just the opposite and act out drawing attention to their self or have violent outburst which increases the likely hood that the child will drop out of school or be expelled. Substance abuse is high risk factor for these children in a few different ways. The main thing is that drugs and alcohol tend to cause a temporary relief of the mental or even physical anguish that the child sees their self going through. This usually puts the child in contact with someone that encourages the behavior for the sake of profit but uses guile to fabricate a relationship causing the child to think that he or she is important. This person then enables the addiction to the substances and often times contribute to the illegal behaviors by encouraging the child to sell drugs for him or her. This is done by different means of trickery such as telling them they need a favor done or the main one is tempting the child with the prospect of earning money to help them or their family. This is a great attraction to the child that comes from a broken home and living in poverty for they see it as way of helping to support the family. This type of behavior is also seen in areas that are prone to gangs. They entice the younger child in because they are easier to manipulate. They make the child feel that they are a part of a bigger family and tell them they understand better than their own parents at times. The gang encourages criminal activity to help finance the gang and use violence to protect the gang. This means that the younger the child the easier it is to mold them into their way of thinking. These many times end up with the child being put in danger that may lead to injury and regrettably at times even death. Today we have some programs that help with child delinquency but at times or in some areas there are not enough resources or programs out there to provide better alternatives. This may be the lack of finances and other reasons may include fear caused by gang activity, threats and or violence.

Comparison between devised play and Hot Money Essay

For our second scripted play we had to perform the farcical comedy ‘Hot Money.’ This comedy is about two unintelligent bank robbers who get lost and end up finding themselves in a rundown manor. The Lord and Butler of the manor arrive home to find a suitcase of money and they both scheme to take it. The play ends with the blowing up of the house and money. My contribution to the performance was as the Butler, ‘Phelps.’ I contributed to the main farcical comedy of the piece mainly through my actions. I stay in role throughout the piece even when the audience found parts amusing. The main similarity between ‘Zoolander’ and ‘Hot Money’ is that they are both comedies and for the purpose of entertaining people. However ‘Hot Money’ being a farce made the play more extravagant and unlikely situations to happen. It had broad physical humour, and deliberate absurdity and nonsense. An example of this is when the house is blown up with Phelps inside; although the house has blown up I still remain unharmed. ‘Zoolander’ also contained elements of a farce as it is a parody it imitates another work in order to ridicule, ironically comment on, or poke some affectionate fun at the work itself. For example when Derek ‘Zoolander’ imitates the stereotypical male model of the 21st century. ‘Hot Money’ was set in the 1920’s however we performed the play as a whole with the characters more stereotypical of people’s views rather than how the characters would have been in the 1920’s. This made our play was appropriate for any time period between the 1920’s and now. However ‘Zoolander’ is a modern film set in the 21st century and a parody of male fashion models and the people who work within that industry. There are also similarities in the themes of the plays. For a start both plays contain characters that are essentially making fun of themselves unintentionally. However, one of the differences is that the society of ‘Hot Money’ ranges from the lower class stereotypical bank robbers to the very upper class Lord of the Manor, with these vastly different worlds of rich and poor both depicted in the play it meant that the audience could be amused by people who are higher up in society than them and people who were also lower down. In contrast, the society of ‘Zoolander’ is, at its richest level. It contains rich male models, prime ministers and the fashion designer Mugatu. However the richness and upper-class of these characters contrast with their own stupidity and self humiliation. As ‘Hot Money’ is set in the outskirts of London all the characters within this play are Londoners. The lower class had the cockney accent of 1920’s and the upper class characters had an aristocratic accent. In contrast, the society of ‘Zoolander’ is of the typical Americans as it is set in New York, America. ‘Zoolander’ being a film has had many retakes and editing, this makes the film seem more polished and perfected than our play, ‘Hot Money.’ These retakes and editing make the film seem more effective and amusing to watch to an audience. However as we were not able to retake or edit any of our play as it was performed live, this may have affected how effective it was to an audience but on the other hand as it was performed live it may have made the play seem more effective as people prefer to watch things live than on a television screen. There are many differences and similarities in the characters represented in ‘Hot Money’ and ‘Zoolander.’ Both contain characters which are comical to an audience, unintelligent and make fun of themselves unintentionally. The stupidity of many characters including Derek ‘Zoolander’ in ‘Zoolander’ and Bert in ‘Hot Money’ are represented by their slow speech and length of time to react to other people and to react to happenings around them. However ‘Zoolander’ does surprisingly contain sharp witted characters such as Mugatu characterised by there quick come backs and intelligence. ‘Zoolander’ is very affective to an audience although as it is very over the top not all audiences may find it amusing, this is also true for ‘Hot Money.’ In conclusion to this essay, I would like to say that I have learnt a lot about the difference between the two different comedies and the difference between a film and a play. At first there seemed to be a big difference between a farcical comedy and a parody but now I can there are many similarities as well.

Famous People from West Virgina

Famous People from West Virginia Thomas â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson (1824-1863) Jackson was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia. He was a Confederate general and won at the First Battle of Bull Run during the Civil War. He was accidentally killed by one of his men at Chanvellorsville. Anna Jarvis (1864-1948) Jarvis was born in Grafton, West Virginia. She was a promoter who worked to make Mother's Day a nationally celebrated holiday. Morgan Morgan (1688-1766) Morgan was a pioneer and the first white settler in West Virginia. He built a log cabin near Bunker Hill. Mary Lou Retton (1968- )Retton was born in Fairmont, West Virginia, and was a gymnast. She won a gold medal for the best all-around gymnast performance in the 1984 Olympics and was the first American gymnast to win a medal since 1948. Cyrus Vance (1917- ) Vance was born Clarksburg, West Virginia, and was a diplomat. He represented President Johnson in Panama, Cyprus and in urban riot centers. He negotiated the release of th e USS Pueblo and its crew. Vance was the United States secretary of state from 1977-1981. Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) Washington grew up in Malden, West Virginia, and was and educator and reformer.He thought that blacks should work for education and employment instead of fighting social equality with whites. He founded the National Negro Business League. He wrote a book called Up. West Virginia Fun Facts West Virginia is the only state in the Union to have acquired its sovereignty by proclamation of the President of the United States. West Virginia is considered the southern most northern state and the northern most southern state. Mother’s Day was first observed at Andrews Church in Gafton on May 10, 1908. West Virginia has the oldest population of any state.The median age is 40. Jackson’s Mill is the site of the first 4-H Camp in the United States. The first federal prison exclusively for women in the United States was opened in 1926 in West Virginia. The New Ri ver Gorge Bridge near Fayetteville is the second highest steel arch bridge in the United States. The bridge is also the longest steel arch bridge (1,700 feet) in the world. Every October on Bridge Day, the road is closed and individuals parachute and bungee cord jump 876 feet off the bridge. It is West Virginia’s largest single day event and attracts about 100,000 people each year.The first major land battle fought between Union and Confederate soldiers in the Civil War was the Battle of Philippi on June 3, 1861. One of the nation’s oldest and largest Indian burial grounds is located in Moundsville. It is 69 feet high, 900 feet in circumference, and 50 feet high. An inscribed stone was removed from the vault and is on display at the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, D. C. The first rural free mail delivery was started in Charles Town on October 6, 1896, and then spread throughout the United States.A naval battle was fought in West Virginia waters during the Civil Wa r. United States armored steamers were actively engaged in the Battle of Buffington Island near Ravenswood on July 19, 1863. A variety of the yellow apple, the Golden Delicious, originated in Clay County. The original Grimes Golden Apple Tree was discovered in 1775 near Wellsburg. West Virginia has a mean altitude of 1,500 feet, giving it the highest average altitude east of the Mississippi. The first electric railroad in the world, built as a commercial enterprise, was constructed between Huntington and Guyandotte.William Tompkins used natural gas to evaporate salt brine in 1841, thus becoming the first person in the United States to use natural gas for industrial purposes. Bailey Brown, the first Union soldier killed in the Civil War, died on May 22, 1861, at Fetterman, Taylor County. Chester Merriman of Romney was the youngest soldier of World War I, having enlisted at the age of 14. The first brick street in the world was laid in Charleston, on October 23, 1870, on Summers Stree t, between Kanawha and Virginia Streets.

Reverse Innovation Essay

Abstract Historically multinational enterprises have geared there product offerings to the developed world. These same products were then often toned down in aspects of quality and or features and offered to emerging economies. However, often these products did not meet the needs, demands or wants of customers in emerging economies. Thus, to prevent a disruption of product offering and market control multinational enterprises need to look to new product ideas developed for emerging economies rather than handed down to these economies. Enter the ideals of reverse innovation and the ways in which multinationals can meet these needs. The paper will focus on the reverse innovation concept, identify â€Å"need† gaps within emerging economies and bringing together examples of multinationals and startups that have benefited from reverse innovation. Keywords: Reverse Innovation, Multinational National Enterprise, Need Gaps Reverse Innovation In the early part of 2009 Logitech, a leading manufacturer of wireless computer peripherals was at the top of its game. Offering a variety of wireless input devices ranging from the low-end models to high priced multifunctional models Logitechs’ marketing team assumed that it had its bases covered across the consumer market. However, Logitech had missed one key component of an effective global business-marketing plan; a complete understanding of how consumers in both the developed and emerging markets would use their products. In emerging markets such as China, the demand for wireless peripherals was focused on low cost and long range, the opposite of the peripherals that Logitech offered to the market. This lack of understanding pushed Logitech out the wireless peripheral market and allowed much smaller competitors, who understood the needs of customer, to take over the market share in China and other emerging markets. As presented by Trimble (2012), â€Å"reverse innovation helps leaders and managers see what it means to develop in emerging markets first, instead of scaling down rich-world products, to unlock a world of opportunity† (para.2).To be truly effective and successful at reverse innovation  companies must largely change the way that they think. Instead of inventing new products for developing countries, companies should look to the needs of the country and develop products that fit. Schachter, identifies five â€Å"needs† gaps that differentiate emerging markets from rich countries. These gaps include infrastructure gap, performance gap, sustainability gap, regulatory gap and the preference gap (Schachter, 2012). This paper will focus on these five need gaps, establish how each can potentially benefit a company and how each add to a company’s ability to meet the need of its markets. Further each of the needs gap will be referenced to current industry leaders and new start-ups including firms such as John Deere, General Electric, Microsoft, PepsiCo and Diagnostics for All. In addition to the bridging of the needs gaps of emerging countries to major companies this paper will also look at the how companies can benefit from entering a marginalized market General Electric and Infrastructure Gaps In the developed world, global business often takes for granted the infrastructure that is in place. New products can be developed in the in rich countries with the assumption that a solid and reliable infrastructure is in place (Govindarajan, 2012). In emerging economies, businesses must not make such assumptions and plan new products to accommodate the different environments. General Electric has made several leaps and bounds in new product development in which they have taken in to consideration the infrastructure in emerging economies. Two of the key products that General Electric has developed using the strategy of reverse innovation include hand-held electrocardiogram devices and PC-based ultrasound machines (Layne, 2009). Both products are geared towards emerging markets in which the current infrastructure is unable provide suitable alternatives. These products will further reach parts of rural emerging markets that traditional equipment would take many years to reach. Understanding the challenges of infrastructure needs in emerging markets has played out quite well GE. From According to General Electric (GE) (2009), â€Å"GE’s revenues outside the United States soared from $4.8 billion, or 19% of total revenues, in 1980 to $97 billion, or more than half  of the total, in 2008† (Para. 2). Professor Govindarajan, of Harvard School of Business, further relates that while this growth rate is increasing GE is only skimming the surface of potential emerging market growth (General Electric, 2009). Microsoft Corporation and the Performance Gap The speed at which technology grows continues to accelerate at an astounding rate. This growth is not limited the developed world, emerging economies are also growing and the need for software to accommodate this growing market is increasing. However, buyers in the developing world cannot demand the sky-high levels of performance that developed countries are accustomed (Govindarajan, 2012). It is for this reason that the Microsoft Corporation has developed â€Å"starter software† geared to a demographic that needs certain outcomes from their software but require a price point that is acceptable for the relative income. To bridge the performance gap in emerging countries, a global business must revamp its attitude concerning product lineups. Rather than managing products with a good-better-best approach, reverse innovation points to the needs of the consumers and develops a product that meets consumer demands. According, to Govindarajan (2012), â€Å"it is impossible to design to that radical ratio if you begin with the existing offering. The only way to get to an entirely new price-performance curve is by starting from scratch (Para. 11). Thus, by starting from scratch Microsoft’s Starter Software created an offering that met the real needs at a realistic price. John Deere and the Sustainability Gap One of the major challenges of emerging economies is need to balance the product development and the environmental concerns associated with the products. As noted by Govindarajan (2012), â€Å"If the 5.8 billion of the world’s poor consume and produce goods in ways that are environmentally unsound, the results will be catastrophic for poor countries – and for the planet† (Para.20). The John Deere Corporation is a great example of how global business can influence the sustainability of emerging economies. When entering the Indian market, John Deere looked at the current state of  agriculture production in the country and decided to start from scratch on the new models for the country. Deere typically produced large tractor models, geared to handle large tracts of land, which burned large amounts of fuel. This concept was not sustainable in India, a country that typically farmed on smaller tracts of land and that did not have access to readily available fuel distribution that would be required for higher output (Balakrishnan, 2012). Thus Deere’s product offering called the Krish, a 35 horsepower low consumption model, has been a success and Deere now considers its Indian operations a center of excellence. Govindarajan (2012) states, â€Å"The only way poor countries can sustain economic growth is through â€Å"green† solutions† (Para. 19) Deere’s work in India truly represents this thinking. PepsiCo and the Preferences Gap As stated in previous sections one of the key parts of reverse innovation is the understanding of consumer needs. Every country in the world has its own sets of tastes, its own habit and its own rituals – successful reverse innovators such as PepsiCo understand this concept. As stated by Govindarajan (2012), â€Å"PepsiCo is developing new snack foods based not on corn (ubiquitous in the rich world), but on lentils – hardly a food most Americans grow up eating† (Para. 23). PepsiCo has been able to not only identify the product needs and wants of the emerging economy but it also was able to bring â€Å"trickle up† product promotion to other countries including Australia and New Zealand (Kaul, 2012). By designing products that fit with the preferences of the society they are designed for, global business leaders, are able to open new doors for revenue. Further once these social trends are established they can help to close the preference gaps that exist between undeveloped and developing economies. Eventually these social norms will bridge the differences between the two economies and merging marketing styles that are acceptable to both consumer markets. The Regulatory Gap and Diagnostics for All Diagnostics for All is a small Boston startup that has developed a paper-based diagnostic tested for sweat, blood, urine, and saliva (Wright, 2012). This simple test has substantial impact on the ability to meet the  needs of individuals in emerging economies, especially those consumers in rural areas. Diagnostics for All had multiple reasons for choosing to first release its products in emerging economies rather than typical developed markets. One of these reasons is largely referenced to the regulatory gap between developed and undeveloped economies. As noted by Wright (2012) â€Å"Despite the attractiveness of such a solution for the developed world, Diagnostics For All chose to commercialize in the developing world so as to sidestep the painstaking Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval process† (Para. 4). Diagnostics for All, usage of emerging economies regulatory gaps, should not be construed as way to cheat the system and get unsafe innovations fast tracked. Rather regulatory gaps when used as in the case of Diagnostics for All enjoy the advantages of lower friction and faster progress. Govindarajan (2012) notes, â€Å"in making this observation, we do not mean to suggest that low levels of regulation in an emerging market are either a good thing or a bad thing; it simply is what it is, and it may sometimes provide an advantageous medium for certain innovations† (Para. 18). Reverse Innovation and Marginalized Markets The five gaps noted above represent the challenges that global business must recognize when entering new and emerging markets throughout the world. These gaps are the reason that capturing opportunities in the poor world means starting from scratch, and reverse innovation is what can be call clean slate innovation (Govindarajan, 2012). However, some industry thinking presents the ideals that marginalized markets do not warrant enough potential to justify the investment. Yet when consideration is given to the actual size of the markets, this thinking has to be reconsidered. One company that truly represents the ideology of reverse innovation in marginalized markets is Tata, manufacture of the Nano, the world’s most affordable car. The Nano was not a trimmed down version of another automobile made for another market. Rather the Nano was developed for the Indian market with Indian design requirements featuring clever designs to meet the needs of the market. As stated by Govindarajan 2012, â€Å"the Nano will  make car ownership possible for 65 percent more Indians of the middle class, all of them eager for a safer alternative to motorbikes† (Para. 29). Conclusion There are many reasons that multinational enterprises should practice reverse innovation, but most importantly is the need to protect their investments. If MNE’s fail to practice reverse innovation, local companies will and the innovations that they create will eventually influence the financial well-being of the MNEs. Further MNE’s success rate for reverse innovation will be much higher if the five need gaps are met. By developing an attitude of ground up engineering and focus on the needs, wants, and interests of the host countries reverse innovation can become a win-win situation for all parties involved. As noted by (2012) â€Å"the new reality is that the future is far from home† (Para. 19). IF MNE’s do want remain competitive through the practice of reverse innovation, the must be just as interested about the problems of the emerging countries as they are about the problems of rich countries. References Balakrishnan, R. (2012, April 19). Professor Govindarajan speaks on reverse innovation & how different it is from ‘jugaad’. The Economic Times. Retrieved November 2, 2012, from http://140.234.17.9:8080/EPSessionID=7199bf3ac2fa789d6d5b354eb6e83ee/EPHost=search.proquest.com/EPPath/pqcentral/docview/1002436214/fulltext?accountid=13979 General Electric. (2009, September 22). Reverse Innovation: How GE is Disrupting Itself. Retrieved from GE Reports: http://www.gereports.com/reverse-innovation-how-ge-is-disrupting-itself/ Govindarajan, V. (2012, September 1). Reverse Innovation: A Global Growth Strategy that could Pre-empt disruption at home. Strategy and Leadership. Retrieved November 02, 2012, from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.sckans.edu/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=114&sid=464200e6-81f9-4713-8506-4d71ffdcb55a%40sessionmgr14&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=fb4602ab&AN= Kaul, V. (2012, April 16). ‘Reverse Innovation is Not Optional. It is Oxygen’: Q & A: Vijay Govindarajan. DNA: Daily News & Analysis. Retrieved November 1, 2012,