Feminist or Gender Discrimination Essay

Yes, of course feminist thinking is a facilitator in the field of woman and development because feminism is a movement a set of beliefs , that problematize gender inequality . feminist believe that women have been subordinated through men’s greater power variously expressed in different areas. They value women’s lives and concerns and work to improve women’s status and development. Feminism that means feminist thinking is a facilitator as it begins with an acknowledgement of women’s inequality oppression , subordination and need to change the situation and improve the quality of women’s life . It is also a movement against hieranchy , which goes the liberation of a sex , it contains the possibility of equal relations not only between women and men , but between men and men , women and women ,and even between adults and children ,(rowbotham,1985:214) To the widen implication of feminist thought is that it would eradicated domination and transform society . as it marks a commitment to recognizing society so that self-development of people can take place . Feminism entails an ethical and political commitment provides a social theory through which to understand and explain women’s lives and experiences . Feminism is useful in the field of women and development if we take into account feminist perspectives . According to feminist view that it aims to change a male dominated against society furthen see women’s subordination as resulting to from gender norms ,rather than biological sex and aim to change these narms , they focus on equal opportunities for women and men . women’s inequality is resulting from their inferior education . Marxist feminist asserts that capitalism , the current form of class society ,perpetuates the subordination of women by enforcing their economical dependence on men . there for main tool of Marxist feminist is class straggle and revolution which will bring about new production relation and emancipation of women . Radical feminist insist that women’s subordination primarily depends on partriarchy subordination is rooted in their biology ,that is their reproductive physiology hithout changing basic biological features emancipation was not possible . his implied that only a revolution in bio –technology would change women’s condition . Eco-feminism is the social movement that regard the oppression of women and nature as interconnected . it focused on that the women are the victim of environment desaradation .feminist theorist have extended their analysis to consider the interconnections between sexism the domination of nature , and also racism and social inequality . consequently it is now better understand as a movement working against the interconnected oppression of gender, race , class, and nature. If we go further extention of whether feminist thinking is a fecilitation or roadblock to woman and development . then can take emphasize on feminist methodology too. feminist methodology 1 feminist seek a methodology that will do the work of â€Å"excavation â€Å" that is shifting the focus of standard practice from men’s concerns in order to reveal the location and perspective of all women . the aim of much feminist research has been to bring women in that is to find what has been ignored ,censored and suppressed and to reveal both the diversity of actual women’s lives . Feminist methodology have searched for practices that will minimize harm to women and limit negative consequences . this focuses not onl on women , welfare bt also practical research strategis drawing on the work of grass roots and professional women’s organization . 3 feminists seek a methodology that will supported research of value to women , leading to social change or action beneficial to women. At last , after above all discussion we have come to the point that feminist thinking is ethical as well as useful in the development of women as modifying women’s problem is the process of development.

Assignment Budget and Policy Paper Essay

 · DUI task forces  · Plea bargaining  · Offender reentry/integration  · Victim assistance  · Immigration  · War on drugs  · War on terrorism Prepare a 1,400-1,750-word paper in which you summarize the goals in the criminal justice system that your selected policy attempts to achieve. Additionally, analyze the effective and ineffective initiatives associated with your selected policy, as well as any historical significance that may have impact. When you enter college, one of the first things that you should do is get a part time job. There are going to be a lot of hours that are available during the day, as this can help you increase your income. A job will pay its dividends and will reduce your worries when you are out having fun. This paperwork contains CJA 464 Week 4 Learning Team Assignment Budget and Policy Paper Law – General Law Select a policy issue from the following list:  · DUI task forces  · Plea bargaining  · Offender reentry/integration  · Victim assistance  · Immigration  · War on drugs  · War on terrorism Prepare a 1,400-1,750-word paper in which you summarize the goals in the criminal justice system that your selected policy attempts to achieve. Additionally, analyze the effective and ineffective initiatives associated with your selected policy, as well as any historical significance that may have impact. When you enter college, one of the first things that you should do is get a part time job. There are going to be a lot of hours that are available during the day, as this can help you increase your income. A job will pay its dividends and will reduce your worries when you ar†¦ For downloading more tutorials visit – https://bitly.com/12BpF7H When you enter college, one of the first things that you should do is get a part time job. There are going to be a lot of hours that are available during the day, as this can help you increase your income. A job will pay its dividends and will reduce your worries when you are out having fun. Law – General Law Select a policy issue from the following list:  · DUI task forces  · Plea bargaining  · Offender reentry/integration  · Victim assistance  · Immigration  · War on drugs  · War on terrorism Prepare a 1,400-1,750-word paper in which you summarize the goals in the criminal justice system that your selected policy attempts to achieve. Additionally, analyze the effective and ineffective initiatives associated with your selected policy, as well as any historical significance that may have impact.

Postmodernism and Feminism

Ailene Brukman-Stivi Professor: Haim Deuel Lusky Postmodernism and Feminism The question of what happened to feminism during the postmodern times is not easily encapsulated in one phrase or idea as it is actually an amalgam of often purposely ambiguous and fluid ideas. One would have to start researching about postmodernism and what it means, let alone search about the history of feminism and its development. After one would research a little bit about postmodernism he or she would realize the knowledge about modernism is also extremely crucial to understand fully about postmodernism and feminism.Therefore this writing will conclude a few words about modernism. How did we as a culture develop into a postmodernist era? And of course how does this era have to do with feminism? This research paper will include different critiques about the subject of postmodernism and feminism as well. Before starting the writing on reviews, critiques and more in depth research of our subject I would li ke to give a general description, and background research, I would like to start with the two main terms: Feminism and postmodernism. FeminismRozen Tali, the writer of the book, What Is Feminism Anyways. Opens her book saying that she never really understood what feminism is exactly. She says people just call her a feminist every time she speaks her opinion about â€Å"differentiating her and a floor rag. † She writes about a sentence that was said in 1913 by a woman, was a British reporter, by the name Rebecca West, saying that if you are waiting for a current and modern definition of feminism, you have nothing to wait for. There is no definition. It is not that a definition does not exist, it exists and that is a for sure thing.It’s just that, there are so many definitions that there is no specific one. (Rozen) Rozen writes that the word ‘feminism’ actually was born about one hundred years ago. In the beginning this word was used as a medical term for a man that has female characteristics. As time passed the word feminism turned in to a term in the psychological world; also got a negative connotation to it, but this time not a male with female characteristics, but as a description of a woman with male character. Examples of a diagnosis for â€Å"feminism† would be like desire to study, courageous, and ambition.Tali Rozen gives a great example of this psychological diagnosis; thirty years ago, people said about the governor of the state of Israel, Golda Meir, that she is â€Å"the only man in the government† and until today the best way to describe a great woman in business is to say â€Å"she got balls. † The reincarnation of the term feminism indicates and highlights the problem of the actual term itself. Not only it was used in negative connotation but also millions in the past and even today have a hard time to define feminism.In the dictionary feminism is written to be the ideology of the emancipation of wo men. According to this definition, there is something in common to all the definitions and ideas that is, the one important belief that women suffer from injustice because of their sex. Rozen Suggests that instead of getting confused with the actual meaning of the word we can agree on the definition: Feminism is a theory that is based on the point of view of a woman, and that point of view give new light to knowledge that already exist.This knowledge could come from anywhere, film, literature, history, everything. But that does not mean that every woman that analyzes a specific subject, is doing a feministic act. To look and analyze something from a woman’s perspective means to put a woman in the center of the discussion. Bottom line is that, the question of what is feminism is not one answer. Rozen asks and answers: is feminism a woman who stands and fight for their right, yes. And is feminism a movement of freedom? Yes!Is it the history of half humanity? Also yes. And there is much more to what is feminism. Postmodernism Postmodernism represents the converge of three distinct cultural trends. These include an attack on the austerity and functionalism of modern art; the philosophical attack on structuralism, spear-headed in the 1970s by poststructuralist scholars such as Jacque Derrida, Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze; and the economic theories of postindustrial society developed by sociologist such as Daniel Bell and Alain Touraine. Callinicos 1989) In the book of Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Postmodern condition, where he summarized postmodernism as above all maintaining â€Å"an incredulity toward metanarratives† (1984:xxiii-iv, 5). Postmodernists, he argues, questions the assumption of the modern age, particularly the belief that rational thought and technological innovation can guarantee progress and enlightenment to humanity. They doubt the ability of thinkers from the West either to understand the world or to prescribe solutions for it.T he grand theories of t past, whether liberal or Marxist, have been dismissed as products of an age when Europeans and North Americans mistakenly believed in their own invincibility. The metanarratives of such thought are no longer seen as â€Å"truth,† but simply as privileged discourses that deny and silence competeing dissident voices. (Merchant & Parpart) Michel Foucault, one of the leading postmodernist (and poststructuralist) thinkers, has emphasized the inadequacies of metanarratives and the need to examine the specificities of power and its relation to knowledge and language (discourse. He dismisses â€Å"reason† as a fiction and sees â€Å"truth† as simply a partial, localized version of â€Å"reality† transformed into a fixed form in the long process of history. He argues that discourse- a historical, socially and institutionally specific structure of statements, terms, categories, and beliefs- is the site of where meanings are contested and powe r relations determined (Scott 1988:36. ) The ability to control knowledge and meaning, not only through writing but also through disciplinary and professional institutions, and in social relations, is the key to understanding and exercising power relations in society.According to Foucault, the false power of hegemonic knowledge can be challenged by counter-hegemonic discourses which offer alternative explanation of â€Å"reality† (Foucault 1972; 1979; 1980. ) The search to understand the construction of social meaning has led postmodernists/ poststructuralist scholars to recognize the contingent of the subject. As Judith Butler points out, â€Å"No subject is its own point of departure† (Butler, 1992; 9) Jacque Derrida (1976) emphasizes the crucial role played by binary opposites.Indeed, he argues that Western philosophy largely rests on opposites, such as truth/falsity, unity/diversity, or man/woman, whereby the nature and primacy of the first term is also superior to the second. These pairs are as embedded in the definition of their opposite as they are I the nature of the object being defined, and they shape our understanding in complex and often unrecognized ways. In order to better understand this process, Derrida and others have alled for the critical deconstruction of texts (both written and oral) and greater attention to the way differences, particularly those embedded in binary thinking, are constructed and maintained (Culler 1982) To conclude, postmodernist thinkers reject universal, simplified definitions of social phenomena, which, they argue, essentialize reality and fail to reveal the complexity of life as a lived experience. Drawing on this critique, postmodernists have rejected the search for broad generalizations.They emphasize the need for local, specific and historically informed analysis, carefully grounded in both spatial and cultural contexts. Above all, they call for the recognition and celebration of differences, the impor tance of encouraging the recovery of previously silenced voices and an acceptance of the partial nature of all knowledge claims and thus the limits of knowing. (Marchand &Papart) Postmodernism/feminism Today in the postmodernism era, the women’s identity is not stable, it changes.Postmodern researchers are against this idea, because the â€Å"I† is an autonomic identity that is disconnected from the social conversation. Also feminists and feminist writers, that identify themselves with the postmodernists, are objecting the enlightenment period; because there is an existent subject and because there is a possibility to reach the objective truth through the â€Å"bina† and the straight mind. (Zaken) Zaken claims that feminism is actually leaning on postmodern values, and it exists today to breakdown and defragment in a new way the idea or word â€Å"the woman. Simone de Beauvoir, a French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, femin ist, and social theorist. While she did not consider herself a philosopher, de Beauvoir had a significant influence on both feminist existentialism and feminist theory. She had claimed that a woman is not born a woman, she is made a woman. Female traits are built through social influence and not biological destiny.She sees the social construction of femininity, which in it exists the subject; isn’t she a woman, the woman who thinks of herself as a woman, in a specific situation that her environment creates. A great example is the fact that most girls and boys play with their gender’s toys, girls with Barbies and dolls while boys with trucks and cars. From her article, The Ethics Ambiguity, comes up that women have internalized their gender hierarchy, to the point where it is hard for them to disconnect from their hierarchal position.Simone de Beauvoir came to a conclusion, in which the female subject had suffered from suppression- the woman is ‘different,’ lower, inferior in relation to men, and because of this suppression, the independence of a woman is destroyed in social situations. With that, there is an argument between postmodernism and feminism, which due to a postmodern claim, that power does not control and there is no axioms like private/public, or motherhood. If there is no category â€Å"woman,† then woman can be anything. She is free from the stereotype and the coercing.That being said, there is no general and unified identity for women. Feminists have responded to postmodern ideas in a number of ways. The strongest opposition has come from feminists working in the liberal (modern) or Marxist traditions, both of which are embedded in Enlightenment thinking (modern era). Liberal feminists, who have been preoccupied with policy formulation and the improvement of women’s statues within the structures of western thought and society, generally write as if postmodern critiques have little or no applicability for their own work.The possibility of â€Å"modernization† and â€Å"progress† may be unobtainable and undesirable goals in a postmodern world have rarely been considered by liberals working within these structures. (like World Bank, United Nations, and the International Labor Organization) Mackinnon Catherine’s influence on shaping feminism is extremely deep in the 80s and the first years of the 90s, so deep that the different â€Å"post-feministic† currents, in many ways are â€Å"post-Mackinnon,† and to be exact, â€Å"anti-Mackinnon. † Therefore whoever wants to become familiar with the feministic thinking there is no better place to do so with Mackinnon’s variables.The starting point of Mackinnon’s feminism is that the group of women are discriminated against and oppressed by the group of men, which are first and foremost caused by the way sexuality is built by society. According to Mackinnon, sexuality is the subject that its social patriarchal meaning changes the men to be in control and the women to be controlled. Dr Yaakov Gorbitz, in his book, â€Å"Postmodernism- Culture and Literature in the End of The 20th Century,† writes on the issue of feminism that modernism and postmodernism needs to remind us of two main phases: the first, the woman who tries to stand and tries to fortify herself against the en. -This is the model where women rebel against men and say we are not going to take of hair from our legs, we will not give you the pleasure of wanting a â€Å"feminine† woman. In the postmodern stage the woman understands that the seed of the problem is that she is always looking at herself in relation to men, and contrary to them, and so she says; â€Å"I am allowed to put makeup on and take care of my beauty- and not for the man but for me or for my friends. † When a woman stops being just an opposite model of a man she can internalize some new heterogeneity.Some feminists beli eve feminist theory has always dealt with postmodern issues and indeed, has more to offer women than male-centric postmodern writers. Feminist anthropologists, Frances Mascia-Lees, Patricia Sharpe and Colleen Cohen (1989), attack postmodern anthropology for it's profoundly sexists nature, nothing that studies such as George Marcus and Michael Fischer's Anthropology as Culture Critique, ignore feminist contributions to the discussion of the â€Å"other† and long-standing feminist critiques of Western notions of â€Å"truth. † Michel FoucaultContrary to liberals and Marxists, Foucault did not see the mechanisms of power in society, as something held by groups or institutions in society, and which does not exist for others; distribution that enables the control of a group of other parts of the society. Foucault referred to †political power†, as network relationships, imaginary strings interwoven within the community, and he saw no, one dominant factor, such as the state or economic elite. This means that in a society there are power centers that are not subject to economic relations (such as madhouses, for example).Foucault goes on to argue with the liberals and the Marxists. According to them every relationship, in which forces, is characterized by imposing restrictions and denial of freedoms. He argued that this approach stems from the fact that they recognize the political power with the legal system and enforcement. But for him, it is only one of the forms of expression of political power, embodied throughout history. Foucault examines the relationship between institutions (social) and the body (human). He opposes the very concept of â€Å"sexuality. According to him, in the 19th century, when sexuality was taboo, it increased desire to break the taboo and talk about sex, that also created behaviors which were categorized as social deviance. For example, sex between men, were â€Å"homosexual. † This was a setting, which has reference for those people, people who were born different. This is one of Foucault's contributions to understanding the relationship between sexual orientation and identity. According to Foucault, identity is created as part of a dialogue, in particular power relations in society.He demonstrates the change in sex ratio from permissiveness of the Middle Ages, where words related to sex revealed associations of â€Å"pleasures† and â€Å"alliance†, and the language of the 19th century, which has the sex talk not allowed or shameful to talk about. Hence, definitions of â€Å"heterosexual† and â€Å"homosexuality† are the product of modern times, from the 19th – century. As someone who has studied the sexual discourse in society, Foucault argued that the discourse on sexuality limits and defines the sexual content and created a social pattern. Once we understand how we talk about sex, we understand sexuality.That is, language reflects the thinking and perception also on sex and sexuality. The mechanisms of power in sexuality, expressed the distinction between what and what is not acceptable in society. Namely, that the discourse on sexuality is a society regime (as expressions of political power mechanisms); language created a situation, when the subject of sex is brought up, the person might feel sinful (sexual). Feeling which helps to suppress the desire for sex, because that person did not want to feel a sinner. The goal behind this repression is, to get the â€Å"different† forms of sex out of the people.That is, except for the non-reproductive sex. The society defines normal sexual norms, from early childhood to old age. Whoever goes beyond the norm, is placed under the situation of the â€Å"controlled mechanism† in order to create helpful sexual drive economically and politically beneficial to society. These mechanisms determine what is allowed and what is not right in society and what is wrong. Foucault arg ued that since the 18th century, the deviation began to violate the law (courts could, not so long ago, to convict homosexuals or partners who betrayed their spouse).By, new sexual settings, to different sexual behaviors (that were always there but never received cultural significance) changed the face of society. This means social definition creates the identity. The new terms â€Å"gay,† â€Å"lesbian† and â€Å"straight†, are the result of modern discourse, which created categorization and sub-categories of conversation. The term â€Å"homosexuality† has two interpretations, one, sexual preference. Second meaning is social labeling. This labeling is the concept of the rule of the person which identifies himself or herself, as †gay†. That is, each character turns shades of defining sexual identity.Experts (such as pedagogues, psychologists and psychiatrists), can be social power, which determine the legitimate content – normal and ide ntify the pathological contents of a person. Their power, according to Foucault, is due to their proximity to the dominant group in society, the bourgeoisie and the political elite. Extreme conclusion is that gender regime serves the interests of those groups, and that by using the institutions of marriage and heterosexuality. (Zaken) Conclusion Society is the cause of sexual identity and what makes the difference between sexual orientation, and how we identify who we are; A woman or a man.But there is change occurring and there could be more change as soon as we, as a society start â€Å"unlabeling† and just living with all types of sexual orientation, genders, and labels that are not labeled. This is all through a social process, of course. A note, it is extremely crucial to know the difference between sex and gender, because then we are giving legitimacy to popular belief, commemorating the situation in which women are subject to male social order. This follows the histori cal tradition of the patriarchal family and society.This approach considers the biological differences between the sexes, as the distribution of the different roles. In other words, gender inequality is prevailing social perceptions. Ultimately, the goal is to get into a relationship of equality between men and women in society, there would be no more women who are discriminated against on the basis of sex and / or gender. For, as de Beauvoir said, man and woman, depend on each other for sex and continuity of human society. Thus, each and every one will be able to shape their identity in accordance with their wishes and needs, and not according to social codes dictated and dried. ———————————————— Work Cited * Ankersmith, F. R. (1990) â€Å"Reply to Professor Zagorin,† History and Theory 29, 3: 275-96 * Beauvoir de Simone. The Ethics of Ambiguity. 1949. Translated by Bernard Frechten: Citadel Press, 2006 * Beauvoir de Simone. The Second Sex. 1949. Translated by Parshley, Penguin 1972. * Butler, J. (1992) â€Å"Contingent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of Postmodernism,† in J. Butler and J. W. Scott (eds) Feminists Theorize the Political, New York and London: Routledge. * Collinicos, A. (1989) Against Postmodernism, Oxford: Polity Press. Culler, J. (1982) On Deconstruction: Theory and criticism after structuralism, Ithaca, NY: Cornell university Press. * Evans, Judith. Feminist Theory Today: An Introduction to Second-Wave Feminism. London: SAGE publication, 1995. * Foucault, M. * † (1972) The Archaeology of knowledge and the Discourse on Language, New York: Tavistock Publications & Harper Colophon. * â€Å"(1979) (published in French, 1975) Discipline and Punish, Translated by S. Sheridan, New York: Penguin Books. * † (1980) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977, translated by C. Gordon, New York: Harvest Press. Jameson, F. (1990) Postmodernism or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, Durham, NC: Duke University Press. * Mackinnon A Catherine, â€Å"Sexuality, Pornography and Methods- Pleasure under Patriarchy,† Towards a Feminist Theory of the State, 1990. Translated and Permission of Harvard University Press. Reprinted by Permission of Catherine A Mackinnon, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, Copy Right c 1989 by Catherine Mackinnon. * Marchand H. Marianne and Parpart L. Jane. Feminism/Postmodernism/Development. London: Routledge, 1995. * Mascia-Lees, F. Sharpe, P. and Cohen, C.B (1989) â€Å"The Postmodernist Turn in Anthropology: Cautions from a Feminist Perspective,† Signs 15, 1: 394-408. * Palmer, I (1990) Gender and Population in the Adjustment of African Economics; Planning for Change, Women, Work and Development Series No. 19, Geneva: International Labour Organization. * Rozen, Tali. What is Feminism Anyway? And Why don’t we know anything about it. Tel Aviv: Zmora Bitan, 2000. * Scott, J. W. (1988) â€Å"Deconstructing Equality – versus Differences: Or the Use of Poststructuralist Theory of Feminism,† Feminist Studies14, 1: 33-50. * Sylvester Christine. Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era.Cambridge University Press, 1994. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Some western scholars, most notably Marxist reject postmodernism as dangerous and naive (Callinicos 1989; palmer 1990. ) Others , while sympathetic to Marxism, see Postmodernism as an outgrowth of the culture of late capitalism. Fredrick Jameson, for example, endorses an approach which draws on the strength of postmodernism without abandoning political action (Jameson 1991. ) Some scholars find postmodernism’s emphasis on difference and multiplicity useful for their work and not necessarily inimical to other app roaches (Ankersmit 1990; Parkash 1990)

People, Power and Politics in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

People, Power and Politics in Canada - Essay Example The department is also tangentially responsible for encouraging a level of multiculturalism within the country as part of its founding charter dictates that this goal is paramount towards the success of the department and of the nation as a whole. This is of course mainly due to the fact that Canada is one of the most multi-cultural nations within the developed world. What this entire level of government involvement is intended for is to provide a level of oversight and funding with regards to how the culture of Canada is growing as well as ensure that certain key cultural functions remain funded and well developed; thereby helping to create a more extensive and well nuanced culture within the country itself. It is therefore the viewpoint of this particular author that the utilization of public funds to encourage such results is not only permissible but highly advantageous for the growth and development of the nation. When one considers the key factors that help to differentiate a na tion and give it a degree of culture that it would otherwise have, these are ultimately factors that help the nation and/or people groups represented therein to develop themselves in an even more effective way than they normally would. One need look no further than the other nations of the developed world to note that similar programs utilizing public funds to affect such an end have been highly successful and have helped to develop art and culture that otherwise may have passed into oblivion had it not been for the injection of government funds and interests into such arenas. Define responsible government in Canada. Although one may consider the term â€Å"responsible government† to merely be some type of over-arching premise by which the government should behave in a responsible manner towards the people it ultimately represents, the fact of the matter is that the term itself is far more nuanced than this. In essence, the term â€Å"responsible government† represents a type of governmental system in which the government is responsible to the people and the executive ultimately responsible both to the people and the House of Assembly. Although this type of rational has long existed in other representative governments throughout the world, what exists in Canada represents a type of implementation of the â€Å"vote of no confidence†. Use of this term can be dated to around the middle to latter half of the 18th century. Whereas all forms of representative democracy allow for leadership changes based upon elections, the principle of â€Å"representative government† signifies a situation in which the executive will lose his/her status and be forced to convene a new government if a loss of trust and/or confidence is realized within the House of Assembly. What this effectively does is make the This means that if there exists a situation in which the members of any government play a game of trust and confidence with regards to the House of Assembly. As one might expect, if this game is lost, then the House of Assembly calls for their dismissal and the formation of a new government must be engaged. In essence, the true strength behind such a system is the understanding of power and where it ultimately comes from. According to the Canadian system of governance, power can be defined in the following five ways. Firstly, the title to executive power comes from the Crown. The second determinant of power attests to the fact that the Crown will only select ministers who have confidence of the House of Asse

Reflecive journal inspired by different kinds of media practices and Essay

Reflecive journal inspired by different kinds of media practices and ideas related to my module - Essay Example It is regarded as a recent style as such mechanical potential is very newly set so that low cost and extensive execution can be performed. It allows the effective use of space and potential by allowing various functions to be executed on an individual device. Convergence further has two wider ranges of description and they are technological convergence and media convergence (Arenaza, 2010). Technological convergence is the procedure in which the prevailing machinery that integrates in to new configurations that bring about various kinds of applications and media. Recent appliances and machinery generally manage a particular instruction or to execute some primary jobs (Wise Geek, 2014). Technological convergence allows different devices to collaborate with a broader arrangement of media kinds. With technological improvement, brand new versions of the devices may compromise extra characteristics which were not available in the previous one (Techopedia, 2014). Media convergence is the fact that includes the linkage of communication and information technologies, media material and computer systems. Media convergence is the immediate result of the digitalization of media content and the fame of the Internet. It alters prominent organizations, services and work execution and allows absolutely new designs of content to appear (Flew, 2014). Such advancements can be used both ways either for the good or for the bad. The good is always appreciated by the people and especially the government as it makes their work easier while the bad is always criticized by the people and especially the government as it increases their work to maintain law and order. To make sure that media is not being used for the bad, governments make rules and regulations which restrict the media to a certain limits and ensure that the limits are not being crossed. The communication and media organizations are now few of the major industries of the society. After the

Should men get paternity leave from work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Should men get paternity leave from work - Essay Example He would have to take charge of his wife and the new born in the same way that his wife will be taking care of. One should believe that paternity leave is something that facilitates the process of the birth of the baby and fast tracks the entire process. The mother is helped immensely and so are the other family members. The organizations of present times are however having different ideas. They believe that the paternity leave would not offer the employees the mileage that they would require when their young ones are born. They think that the fathers do not have to go through the same problems and issues which the mothers have, and hence it is not necessary to allot them the paternity leave in the first place. Therefore the fundamental right of the fathers under such consideration goes out of the window completely. They are forbidden to ask for the paternity leave because it belittles the kind of profession that they are a part of, and the fact that they are men makes the subject lo ok even more hopeless. What happens with these fathers is a totally different subject altogether. They believe that they have been hard done by because they are not given a chance to be with their family in this hour of need. The paternity leave can turn the tide in favor of the family as the head of the family under such cases is indeed the father himself. He would be given the assistance that is much required and which shall be the cornerstone of looking after his family in this crunch hour. Also the paternity leave would tell the people around that the father would have to safeguard the rights and interests of the family when the mother is going through post-delivery issues of depression and other illnesses. He will be the one who is going to take charge of the entire scenario that has cropped up within the reins of the family. The paternity leave is also a facilitating agent which tells the family that the father would be around when there is a new born in the house, and when he shall be given the welcome that he deserves in entirety. More than anything else, it is the duty of the father to be on his feet at all times, and make sure that all processes, activities and steps are coming along in a very fine way (Brill, 2007). If this paternity leave is not granted on to the individual under consideration, then he would have to undergo a great deal of mental trauma and stress as his family life is at stake, and that he has to deliver in such crunch times. It is good for an organization to grant the paternity leave in such situations because it will mentally relieve the individual of his domestic issues, and thus make him feel elated that he was given solace by the management when he needed it the most. However not all organizations would agree to such a philosophy in the first place, and there are bound to be serious anomalies within the same contexts. For the sake of argument, a paternity leave would offer mental satisfaction and relief from pain and agony to the individual who is going through domestic issues. It would open up his thinking domains and allow him to feel free from the shackles of work routines. A week or so of being away from work with regards to the paternity leave that this individual has obtained would mean a good amount of fresh energy and the organization can expect the individual to bounce back to work with new vigor and renewed spirit. However, the lack of this paternity l

Methods of Teaching Adult Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Methods of Teaching Adult Education - Assignment Example In this assignment, we will discuss just three of the best and modern methods that can be used to teach employees to recycle as much of the organizations waste as possible. The methods to be discussed include the use of classroom lectures and assignments, use of demonstrations, and group works. The paper will also go ahead to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each of these methods used. Under this method, the employees, who will be the adult learners, will be confined in a classroom or a conference hall and be subjected to a lecture. The lecture material will be prepared with the consideration that will majorly touch on the theoretical view of wastes and waste management. This method will be used when conveying a general information to the entire lot of the employees that could otherwise be hard to handle when using some other methods that are only effective for a small number of learners. The basic information and briefing about waste management and recycling will be conveyed here. However, when using this method with the adults, the period of administering the lecture must be short. When time is made shorter, the level of concentration of the learners will be high, therefore, the effectiveness of the method will be achieved. The lecture method will encourage participation by the adult learners where they will be able to ask questions to improve their content mastery and understanding. The method will be one of the best methods to use in teaching this topic to the employees since it will be easy to use real life examples of other waste recycling that have been done before and such will be able to put emphasis on the learning outcomes. The method also combines lectures with assignments, thereby, acting as an evaluative method for the learners. It can, therefore, easily tell whether the learners have understood the learning

Sibelius symphony no.7 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sibelius symphony no.7 - Research Paper Example Additionally other works inspired by the Finnish culture include over 100 songs for piano and Voice. Some of the works include the opera music, Masonic ritual music, piano music and chamber music (Rahkonen, 2011). Sibelius composed up to the middle of 1920s, but since his production of the Seventh symphony in the year 1924, in the year 1926 when he produced "tone poem Tapiola" and "music to The Tempest" and he went quite since then. Sibelius has not produced other significant works. He is reputed to have stopped producing, but there have been some efforts to compose the eighth symphony. During the last periods of his life, he edited and wrote music for the Masonic. Although the man had an interest in developing new music, he was not much enthusiastic about modern music (Rahkonen, 2011). The Finnish nation mark a flag day on the 8 December to celebrate the composers birthday, and his image featured in the 100-mark bill until the year 2002 when it went out of circulation. Sibelius was born in Finland in the Russian Grand Duchy. He was the son of a Swedish doctor Gustaf Sibelius and Maria Sibelius. His real Swedish and Finnish name was "Janne" but he is known universally by the name Jean a French version that he adopted during his schooling years after being inspired by name in a business card of his uncle. His first language was Swedish, but he got a chance to go to Finnish speaking school from 1876 to 1885. From the age of 15, Jean has set out to be a Violin player; and he did accomplish his passion by performing the two last movements in Helsinki. After graduating from high school education, Jean Sibelius proceeded to study law at the prestigious imperial Alexander University of Finland. However, he eventually left his studies to concentrate in performing music (Costabile-Heming, 2004). From the year 1885 to 1889, Jean studied music in the Sibelius academy (formerly known as the Helsiki School of music). He

Microanalysis of the recent Market, economic conditions, and the Essay

Microanalysis of the recent Market, economic conditions, and the outlook - Essay Example The good returns in March were attributed to positive economic data on employment and retail sales. In S&P 500, stocks listed in all sectors ended the month in a positive territory led by healthcare, utilities and consumer staples sectors which were among the best performing. The investors mainly bought into stocks offering relatively high dividend yields, strong brands, and some other business models that had lagged behind. Broadly, consumer discretionary and financial stocks outperformed the market expectation. The rest were less robust led by stocks from the energy sector which was the least performing. The stocks did well across all market capitalizations, with value and growth shares fairly matched during the month. In the month of April, the stock market underwent what analysts would call market correction after touching record highs in both the S&P 200 and DJIA. The DJIA touched levels just below 14900 while S$P 500 rallied to above 1,600 points. Analysts say the market has to correct itself after a rally which began late 2011, through 2012, to March this year. The indices dropped at the close of the month as compared to the March data. Going forward, the markets are picking in May, but the yearly cycle sell off is expected in the next few days which might depress the market (T. Rowe Price Investment Services, 2013). Bonds market produced flat results in the month of March with the long-term government bonds being the poorest performers in the category of domestic fixed income sectors as the yields realized were modest. The investment corporate bonds which had the lowest nominal yield rates, trailed the entire market and significantly lagged behind compared to high yield counterparts. The high-yield bonds benefitted from robust equity market and relatively low levels of new issuance in the month. The mortgage-backed securities performed better the overall investment- grade market which was propped by higher yields which lured investors back into the sect or alongside Federal Reserve. Foreign bonds on the other hand, lagged and posted modest losses. This was due to the major currencies devaluing against the US dollar which weighed on foreign markets’ bonds besides political turmoil and rise in the risk aversion by traders on the emerging market’s investment vehicles (Shreve, 2013). Treasury yields, on the other hand, moved higher in the month, but retraced a portion of the previous gains. In the first half of the month, long-term yields steadily with a ten-year year notes reaching 2.06% which was an almost one-year high on the 8th of March. The rise was manly driven by the promising labor market report which raised the prospect of future market inflation and the less accommodative Federal Reserve policy. The Labor Department had earlier, in February, announced that the unemployment rate had fallen to a four-low of 7.7%, with the number f jobs created standing at about 236,000. The services sector also showed surprising strength which was reflected in the healthy growth in retail sales. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) has a two-day meeting in the month of March. They decided to maintain the monetary policy, but it altered the assessment of the overall economic outlook of the country. This time they were more upbeat saying that the labor market conditions had shown signs of improvement in recent months. The fed, led by Ben Bernanke

Value that Merck Places on Employee and Diversity Essay

Value that Merck Places on Employee and Diversity - Essay Example Besides, Merck & Co. has created a culture that appreciates collective power and differences that come from having a diverse workforce. It offers more opportunities for employees to grow both personally and professionally at the workplace and in the community at large. Finally, it has taken a global approach to diversify the company by creating three major resources: Global Diversity and Inclusion Centre, Employee Business Resource Groups and Employee Resource Groups. In 2003, the workforce demographics were low as compared to the current situation. The various areas of profession included officials, sales marketers, technicians, clerical, craft workers, operators, laborers, service workers among others. The minorities relatively occupy a significant percentage in the managerial positions compared to other groups. For instance, their demographic composition in the administrative post was 18 percent compared to 36.5 percent of the women. Men had the higher workforce. The total workforce percentage among minority groups was 21.2 percent, and the females were 50.3 percent. However, there was diversity in the workforce (Merck & Co., 2014). Considering the U.S demographics, America is less diverse. There is the high level of discrimination in the workforce and the minority groups are often harassed. The number of aged employees is high due to the low birth rate. Craft workers are mainly minority groups compared to the whites who occupy the managerial positions.  Ã‚  

Reflection paper Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection paper - Movie Review Example There are many features of the film that captured my imagination. The short film was very well made, with different departments such as direction, screenplay, acting and cinematography all supporting and complementing each other. The real stalwart of the movie (as well as in real-life) is Nick Vujicic, who transforms himself from being ‘a perversion of nature’, ‘a creature given up by God’, etc to an extraordinary circus performer, an overachiever. As his mentor, the owner of Butterfly Circus correctly points out, much of Nick’s predicament and diminished sense of self is of his own making. Admonishing Nick for his passive acceptance of fate, the mentor (played by Eduardo Verà ¡stegui) urges Nick to achieve something like other circus performers. Even when Nick falls down as he tries to cross over the river, the mentor allows him to ‘manage’ on his own. Apathetic and cruel as it might seem, Verastegui knew what he was doing – name ly cultivating self-sufficiency in Nick. Just as Verastegui intended, this attitude leads to a breakthrough event, when Nick falls into the water, and in a desperate attempt to keep afloat, discovers that he can swim. As a teacher of special needs children, I can play this film to my students and inspire them to make maximum use of their lives. In addition to the film, I would also play motivational talks given by Nick Vujicic to my students, for the film is only a representation of his own real struggles. The film has also taught me the role of mentorship in uplifting disabled children. For example, the kind of encouragement that a child is received has profound implications for the way it integrates into the mainstream society. Usually, a child from one of the minority communities has to overcome more challenges. The minority status may be as a result of disability, ethnicity, language, race or

The Hull House and Other Achievements Essay Example for Free

The Hull House and Other Achievements Essay The Hull house was constructed in 1856 for Charles Hull. It originally had a factory, furniture store, and home for the elderly. Despite rumors that part of the house is haunted, Jane, together with her friend Ellen Starr, rented it â€Å"to provide a center for higher civic and social life, to institute and maintain education and philanthropic enterprises, and to investigate and improve the conditions in the individual districts of Chicago. † (Lundblad, 1995) In an aim to make the house a â€Å"place where idealism ran high† (Addams, 1910, p. 101) Addams devoted the place to educating lowly people—those who worked in factories, who essentially came from different cultural backgrounds. In the house, the teachers read Hawthorne, George Eliot, and other literary works. Additionally, they taught the neighborhood music and theater, so as to provide the workers an escape from the daily hardships encountered. Later on, the house included an employment bureau, and was designed to be a center not just for the poor but also for the rich to gather together. At first, Addams was mainly in charge of everything, but later on, she delegated the work to others in order to raise more funds. Because of her strong influence among the higher class, she gained the support of the three wealthy women in Chicago, who did not only believe in what she promoted, but also took interest in her projects. Thus, by 1910, about seventy people lived in the house and it was said that at a time, more than two thousand people came everyday. Even though Addams’ motives were primarily for the benefit of the people, there were those who criticized her for her strong belief in peace. She was considered a deviant during the World War I and was expelled from an organization called the Daughters of American Revolution because of her protest against war and America’s participation to it. In addition, she supported the American Union Against Militarism, and attended the Women’s Peace Party where she was elected as its national chairman. She also took part in International Woman’s Conference in Hague where she was chosen to head the commission that sought to put an end to war. In this undertaking, she met with ten leaders of other countries, and their effort was recognized as â€Å"the first international effort by women against war. † (Johnson, ed. , 1960, XI) In 1919, Addams was chosen as the American delegate for the second Women’s Peace Conference, from which the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom began. She was elected as the first president of this league, and served as its president until her death. Among other services she rendered was supplying food and other needs to the women and children of the opposing side—a work she wrote about in Peace and Bread in Time of War (1922). Moreover, she also worked for the welfare of the poor, fought for factory inspection, working hours for women workers, schooling for children, and establishment of labor unions. Furthermore, she also helped establish the juvenile court in 1899, thus by 1920, there were only three states which did not have juvenile courts.

Marriage in China and Japan

Marriage in China and Japan Confucian thoughts had tremendous influence in both China and Japan, and these thoughts provided the principles of roles each person must play in daily life. Men and women play different roles in marriages in both Chinese and Japanese cultures. In both countries, marriage, in all social classes, was first and foremost a union of family rather than individual. In upper classes, marriages were political and economic relationships arranged by the prospective families. Womens roles in marriages are essentially the same in China and Japan; however, marriage practices are diverse across the culture, and they follow different traditions. In traditional times, both Chinese and Japanese societies were clearly not egalitarian and highly stratified by the interests of different social classes. Marriage practices reflected this hierarchy. Weddings were a ceremony of change of residence and social recognition. The ceremonies were most of the time simple and modest, and there was usually a feast involved. In China, marriage united not just individuals and the families but also extended family networks in the society. Marriages provide the two families to unite as well as to maintain or advance their social status in society. In numerous cultures, the suitability of an individual as a potential husband or wife was judged based on characteristics likely to make the person a valuable and productive mate and an agreeable companion. Japanese parents looked for a daughter-in-law who was healthy, skilled in housework and farming, good-natured, and obedient and a son-in-law who was healthy hard-working, and most likely to be succes sful as a provider (Rosaldo, 17, 159-161). Because of the expectation of the society, arranged marriages were widely practiced in both China and Japan. In traditional societies, parents controlled the selection of spouse and arranged the marriage between a bride and groom who had never met. They will meet for the first time on the actual wedding day. In stratified societies, the control over the selection of spouse and the arrangement of marriage served to support the continuity of the proper hierarchy within the family. Child betrothal can also be seen for consolidating relationships between families (Boude, 48-49). In China, if one family is particularly close to another, the parents will betroth their children so that they will maintain this relationship with each other. However, in the modern society, either prospective spouse can refuse to go through with a marriage arranged by their parents. This arranged marriage tradition remained in some cases; however, it is very different. The modern system of arranged marriages resembled traits from blind dating in the Western societies. When a young woman reaches the appropriate age, she and her parents put together a packet of information about her, including a photograph of her in nice clothes and information about her family background, education, hobbies, accomplishments, and interests. Her parents then inquire among their friends and acquaintances to see if anyone knows a man who would be a suitable husband for her. The matchmaker shows the packet to the potential bridegroom and, if both parties are interested, arranges a meeting between them. (The man provides a photograph and information as well.) Such meetings often take place in a restaurant. This meeting is attended usually along with representatives from both families. If the young couple feels that they are interested, they will begin dating, and marriage might occur b etween the two. It is not uncommon for a woman to have 10 or more such introductions before she finds the man whom she wants to marry to (Rosaldo, 42-45). The young man and woman usually make the final decision about marriage between themselves, though the advice and approval of their parents are highly encouraged. In cultures where marriages are arranged, traditions can serve to soften the attitude of potential spouses toward marrying the other who are not their own choices. For instance, the Chinese say that a husband and wife are linked together by fate. One man is made for one particular woman, and the two are tied to each other by an invisible red string in the wedding (red represents celebration). When a marriage is arranged by parents, their choice is guided by fate (Edwards, 61). In Asia, in the 1950s, about 70 percent of all marriages were arranged. In 1973, the figure was only 37 percent. Today only around 20 percent are (Edwards, 3). Some Japanese feel that the most important element in the marriage is not necessarily the love between the two, and maybe because of this the divorce right in Japan is generally lower than in the Western Societies, such as the U.S. The divorce rate for arranged marriages in Japan is lower than for love marriages (Morley, 93). In a Japanese marriage, once the woman has a baby, her husband refers her as a mother, not a woman anymore, which usually means their sexual life comes to an end. The new mother is said to take more interest in the child instead of the man. In most families, children sleep with the parents or just the mother. In the latter case, the father has his own room so that he will not wake his wife and children up when he goes to or comes back from work. In the Japanese culture, women usually stop working if they get pregnant. Men prefer that their wife stay at home once married, and women almost always want to spend as much time as possible with their children. While, in most Western countries, nurseries and kindergartens are free, which allows women to work, nursery schools are few and expensive in Japan, because women are expected to educate the children when they were young. Paternity leaves do not exist in Japan, and paid maternity leaves are not encouraged; therefore, wives usually stay home if they get pregnant in Japan. In most Japanese families the husband hands over his paycheck to his wife who then gives him an allowance for pocket money and generally takes charge of the day-to-day management of the households activities and expenses. The home and domestic responsibilities have been the center of Japanese womens activities since the 1890s (Morley, 40-43, 71). Women in China had a moral duty in marriages: to produce a son to continue the descent line of the husband. In Confucian thought, sons were particularly important because they were the ones who took care of their parents as they aged, arranged a proper funeral, and then performed the ritual sacrifices to honor their deceased parents and other ancestors (Edwards, 70). A wifes only way to gain power in the family is to give birth to a son. As the son grows up, the mothers power increases, particularly after he marries and brings a wife to the family. In traditional times, a man whose wife did not bear a son can bring secondary wives or concubines into the house if he could afford it (Broude, 50). Wealthy men often had several concubines and Chinese emperors had large harems of concubines to ensure numerous children for the royal family. By the early 1970s, Chinese government regarded fertility control as a key national development responsibility (Edwards, 74). Throughout the 1970s contraception was free, work units were instructed to give paid leave for women who had undergone sterilization or abortion procedures. Although the government could enforce the One Child Family Policy with some degree of success they could not easily change the cultural preference for boys. The relationship between husband and wife in Chinese marriages was an unequal one. A wife was subordinate to her husband, whom she was obligated to serve and to whom she owned respect. Traditional Chinese people always say raising a girl is like raising for some other family, because once she is marriage, she is the property of the other family. In her husbands home, the wife was also obliged to do housework. Women from rich families bind their feet so they will not be able to work. In-law relationships play a big role in a marriage as well. A Chinese bride traditionally has been expected to be submissive to her in-laws, and her husbands mother supervises her household work. Chinese wives are required to show deference to their mother-in-laws. If she disobeys, her husband can beat her on behalf of his mother and a man will take his mothers side in any disagreement between her and his wife (Broude, 312). While much has improved in the status of women in China the continued practice of female infanticide demonstrates that women are valued less than men. As Chinas economic development brings women greater independence, women tend to ask for changes within a household. United Nations sponsorship of the International Womens Year in 1975 forced the Japanese government to initiate policies to end sex discrimination (Edwards, 221). These changes create conflicts between the husband and wife. In China, where rapid economic growth is creating new hopes and fears and where government interference in personal lives is receding daily, many Chinese people say one of the most profound changes in the society is the increase in divorce. The divorce rate in Chinas capital city, Beijing, leapt to 24.4 percent in 1994, more than double the 12 percent rate just four years ago (Faison). Classes and status in the societies are reflected through the lives of women in both China and Japan. Clearly, men and women were not equal in traditional Chinese and Japanese societies, and women were the subordinate roles in a household. However, these traditions are changing constantly as the societies grow. While some traditions are still practiced in modern times, womens role in marriages and societies are improving tremendously. Work Cited Broude, Gwen J. Marriage, Family, and Relationships: a Cross-cultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 1994. Print. Edwards, Louise P., and Mina Roces. Women in Asia: Tradition, Modernity, and Globalisation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2000. Print. Faison, Seth. Divorce in Modern China. New York Times [N.Y.] 22 Aug. 1994. Print. Morley, Patricia A. The Mountain Is Moving: Japanese Womens Lives. New York: New York UP, 1999. Print. Rosaldo, Michelle Zimbalist., Louise Lamphere, and Joan Bamberger. Woman, Culture, and Society. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford UP, 1974. Print.

Evolution of Banking Law Practice

Evolution of Banking Law Practice The society has a general understanding on what a bank is, it is a concept engrained in most peoples mind involving an institution and money. This generally accepted perception simplifies the identification of a bank in the general population. The law, in different jurisdictions around the world has however failed to make substantive definitions of a bank. The difficulty arises due to the difficulty in distinguishing banks from other institutions undertaking financial practices. This ambiguity and the resulting disparity has resulted in different legislations defining a bank in their own context and meaning, the definition of a bank varies subject to the objectives and variations in different financial practices across different Jurisdictions. [1] Halsburys Laws of England defines a banker as: [2]a person or company carrying on the business of receiving moneys, and collecting drafts, for customers subject to the obligation of honouring cheques drawn upon them from time to time by the customers to the extent of the amounts available on their current accounts. The Supreme Court of the United States in the Austen[3] case defined a bank as: A bank is an institution, usually incorporated with power to issue its promissory notes intended to circulate as money (known as bank notes); or to receive the money of others on general deposit, to form a joint fund that shall be used by the institution, for its own benefit, for one or more of the purposes of making temporary loans and discounts; of dealing in notes, foreign and domestic bills of exchange, coin, bullion, credits, and the remission of money; or with both these powers, and with the privileges, in addition to these basic powers, of receiving special deposits and making collections for the holders of negotiable paper, if the institution sees fit to engage in such business. In the Uniform Commercial Code,[4]a bank is defined as a person engaged in the business of banking, including a savings bank, savings and loan association, credit union, or trust company. The Banking Act of Kenya 1991[5] Defines a Bank as; a company which carries on, or proposes to carry on, banking business in Kenya but does not include the Central Bank of Kenya. The definition is interesting. By excluding the Central Bank of Kenya 1984[6], it has given the CBK autonomy to be governed by the Central Bank of Kenya Act, the exemption aims to ease the objectives of the bank as the central regulating body in the country It further defines banking business as; the accepting from members of the public of money on deposit repayable on demand or at the expiry of a fixed period or after notice; the accepting from members of the public of money on current account and payment on and acceptance of cheques; and the employing of money held on deposit or on current account, or any part of the money, by lending, investment or in any other manner for the account and at the risk of the person so employing the money. It is apparent that there are similarities in the definition of a Bank and in commonwealth countries and other jurisdictions. Accepting of deposits, holing current accounts and the use of the depositors money for investment give a general and basic understanding of what a bank is. Under common law the earliest attempt to define a bank was made in the landmark case of United Dominion Trust v Kirkwood[7]. The case involved the defendant who was the managing director of a company that financed the purchase of cars through loans from the plaintiff. The defendants argued that the plaintiff was not registered under the Money lenders Act 1900 and 1927, and so were not entitled to recover the money or enforce the security of the loans. The plaintiffs claimed that as bankers they were exempted from the provisions of the money lenders Acts.The Main issue for determination was the status of UDT. Mocatta J held: Words banking and banker may bear different shades of meaning at different periods of history and their meaning may not be uniform today, in countries of different habits and of different degrees of civilisation This holding emphasizes that the definition of a bank is a matter of context. On appeal, Lord Denning[8] held in favour of the plaintiffs. He described a bank as; An establishment for the custody of money received from, or on behalf of, its customers. Its essential duty is to pay their drafts on it: its profits arise from the use of money left unemployed by them. Lord Denning defined the characteristics of a bank in accordance with the banking practices: They accept money from, and collect cheques for, their customers and place them to their credit, they honour cheques or orders drawn on them by their customers when presented to payment and debit customers accordingly, they keep current accounts or something of that nature, in their books in which the credit and debits are entered. These guidelines set out by Lord Denning made a profound effect in the banking industry that eventually became accepted principles under common law. It is important to note that banking practices have changed as they are not rigid, and constantly evolve with time and circumstances. The principles laid down by Lord Denning set a foundation for subsequent principles and legislation to be built on. In District Savings Bank Ltd ex parte coe[9]Turner LJ held that a savings bank was not considered to be carrying on a banking business as it did not operate current accounts albeit it provided some banking services. And as such its business differed from ordinary banking practices. In the Re Shields Estate[10],the court emphasized on the use of deposits by customers with the aim of making profit. The essence of trade, or business is not in not essential to be found in the mode of in which it disposes of the money which is deposited with it but by the means in which money belonging to others is received.[11] In the case of Bank of Chettinad Ltd of Colombo v inland Revenue Commissioners of Colombo[12]the privy council said that the test for determining whether a branch of a non-resident bank could itself be described as a bank was whether it: Carried on as its principal business the accepting of deposits of money on current accounts or otherwise, subject to withdrawal by cheque, draft or order. Under UK law, the ability to operate current accounts is essential. It is the material evidence of the link between the bank and a customer. It also forms the foundation basis of the relationship and defines the terms of conduct and practice. Current accounts are also a useful tool for taxation and accountability as they give a detailed record of an individuals financial status and transaction. Contrast can be observed between the definition of a bank under Section 2 of the Banking Act 2009 and the UCC[13], the UCC defines a bank asa person engaged in the business of banking, including a savings bank, savings and loan association, credit union, or trust company. The former defines a Bank as an institution which has permission under Part 4 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 to carry on the regulated activity of accepting deposits (within the meaning of section 22 of that Act, taken with Schedule 2 and any order under section 22). It however lists exception: (a) a building society (within the meaning of section 119 of the Building Societies Act 1986), (b) a credit union within the meaning of section 31 of the Credit Unions Act 1979, or (c) any other class of institution excluded by an order made by the Treasury. A Credit Union is a bank in the United States, unlike in the UK where the Act expressly exempts it. This shows the difficulty in coming up with a uniform definition due to a difference in jurisdiction, policies, laws and banking practices. The sovereignty of country allows it to regulate its borders at its discretion making a unified definition almost impossible. To fully understand the issue, it is prudent to look at the historical approach to banking. The Money Lenders Act 1900 and 1927 provided exemptions to persons who undertook banking business under the Money Lenders Act. It gave ambiguous description of a bank or banker to be any: any person bonafide carrying on the business of Banking.[14]Section 2 of The Bills of Exchange Act 1882 provides the term bank to include: any Body of persons, whether incorporated or not, who carry out the business of Banking Section 2 of the Banking Act 2009 emphasizes on regulation of banking activities relating to accepting deposits (within the meaning of section 22 of that Act, taken with Schedule 2 and any order under section 22. [15]The statutory definition differs from the common school of thought by putting emphasis on a licenced institution. This shows regulation is an integral part in all jurisdictions in todays banking system. A bank as an institution enjoys, a degree protection from the law, section 4 of the Cheques Act 1957 absolves bankers from liability from the true owner when they carry out transactions for a customer who has a defective title. Section 80 of the Bills of Exchange Act 1882 protects the Bank in the event a crossed cheque drawn in good faith and without negligence is paid to the payee. This limited liability facilitates transactions, if banks were held liable for every defective transaction carried out in good faith then the banking business would come to a halt. In summary, a bank can therefore be defined as an institution licensed to collect deposit and perform financial transactions, including honouring cheques, running current accounts, and using deposits to make profit. Banking business The history of Banking business in the UK can be traced back to the 17th Century where Goldsmith bankers who begun to develop basic principles of banks as deposit takers and money-lenders.[16] Banking business is the regulated activities carried out by an institution. These activities have to be regulated in order to protect customers and the financial market. Banking practices are not constant, their definitions differ with time. Competition from other financial institutions has led to the expansion of the scope of banking activities beyond the core objectives of the bank due to the entrance of financial institutions into the market that was originally the preserve of banks.[17] Under common Law definition the courts have established three cardinal principles relating to banking business. Banking business Changes with time, varies with respect to jurisdiction; and Is influenced by public opinion[18].Banking business and practices evolve with time, subject to change in order to meet market requirements and customer demands. Banks must adapt and widen their scope in order to be profitable and stay relevant. In Banbury v Bank of Montreal[19] Lord Parker Held that offering financial advice was not within the scope of the bank at the time, and establishing whether giving financial advice on investments was part of banking business. This was however overruled by Salmon J[20] when he stated: The nature of such a business must in each case been matter of fact, and accordingly, cannot be treated as if it were a matter of pure law. What may have been true of the Bank of Montreal in 1918 is not necessarily true of martins Bank in 1958. In the event of establishment of a banker-client relationship, a duty of care is owed and as such offering financial advice was within the scope of banking business. With time, it was accepted that offering financial advice constituted part of banking business due to the duty of care that arises from the banker-client relationship.[21] With respect to jurisdiction it was held that a financial institution that is regarded as engaging in banking business in one jurisdiction is not necessarily so considered elsewhere.[22] , a financial institution that was recognized in another country did not meet the English requirements for a bank as it did not also carry out the requisite activities within the United Kingdom. According to Irish[23] and Australian[24] authority, an institution that accepts money on deposits from the public for the purpose of relending it carries on banking business, In the absence of current accounts and the chequing system. In contrast, running current accounts is an essential feature of banking business in the United Kingdom and other common law jurisdictions[25]. Reputation also has influenced determining an institutions status as a bank, an institution that is generally known as a bank will carry the assumption that it is engaged in banking business. In the case of United Dominion Trust v Kirkwood[26] although the evidence shown did not prove that UDT was operations were in the current banking practices, Harman L.J in his dissenting judgement stated that the evidence of its reputation of carrying on the business of banking in London was not sufficient. Lord Diplock and Lord Denning took a different policy based approach they held that a reasonably minded commercial mans perception and acknowledgement of an institutions banking practice is acceptable. Furthermore, if a city perceived an institution as a bank, it enjoyed certain privileges that came with the title The regulation of banking business has been a widely-accepted principle in most Jurisdictions. Historically there was little Legislative control of the banking sector in the UK, the substantive piece of legislation in place at the time was section 4 of the Banking Act 1946: Which gave the Bank authority in the interest of the public to acquire information and make recommendations to bankers and with the authorisation of the treasury give directions to bankers. This however changed with the enactment of the Banking Act 1979 and 1987, the new laws introduced regulation of deposit-taking institutions that had to obtain Authorization to Operate. The permission to operate regulated activities under Section 22 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 is obtained through part IV of the Act. Section 3 of the Banking Act 1987 prohibited deposit taking by a business without express authorization from the Bank of England. This section is integral in the UK banking as it introduced an authoritative supervisory role over banks carrying out activities within the meaning of banking business. There was little[27] supervisory powers conferred on the Bank of England during this time and the bank justified the success of the London Banking business as a financial hub due to the freedom and flexibility provided in the UK banking sector[28] The Banking Act of 1987 was eventually repealed and the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 through section 22 and Schedule two required institutions undertaking banking business, including deposit taking to obtain authorization beforehand. The First Banking directive by the EU under Article 3 provided that[29]:Member States shall require credit institutions subject to this Directive to obtain authorization before commencing their activities. This Directive influenced the enactment of the Banking Act 1979 and adoption of some of the restrictive measures under section 3 of the Act, these included the need for authorisation before accepting deposits from clients. The same applies in civil Jurisdictions, in Switzerland, Article 3 (1) of the Federal Act on Banks 1934 and Savings Banks of Switzerland states; Banks are required to obtain a licence from the Banking Commission prior to engaging in business operations; they may not register with the Register of Commerce before such licence has been granted. However, per Elinger,[30] entities in the United Kingdom do not require a license to engage in banking business. I disagree with this view as the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 Lists regulated activities which constitute banking business in todays time. Entities that intend to carry out these activities must obtain permission beforehand. Permission is a license or liberty to do something synonymous to authorization[31]. It is an accepted practice in civil and common law jurisdictions for entities engaging in banking activities to obtain a licence from the relevant authority. The license is essential as it ensure banks operate in acceptable standards. Regulation protects both banker and customer interests. The protection gives depositors confidence to deposit their money for safe keeping and investments among other financial services. Regulation of banks in the UK has a come a long way and in the wake of the global financial crisis of 2007-2008.The Prudential Regulation Authority was established as part of the Bank of England through the Financial Services Act 2012 whose primary objective is promote the safety and soundness of the firms it protects.[32] The supervisory role has become a popular feature in most countries after the global financial crisis. Other countries such as the United States that are plagued with financial crisis adopted an independent supervisory approach to monitor its financial institutions. The Sarbanes-Oaxley Act 2002 was introduced in the wake of the Enron scandal. The Act introduced mandatory supervision by independent external auditors. Some scholars have argued that independent supervision is better as political factors and lobbyist cannot influence it. Others claim that the method is expensive and ineffective in third world countries.[33] Regulation and supervision is important as it creates a sense of stability and protects the banks and the depositors. The Global financial crisis of 2008 is a testament of what happens when banks overreach. Banker-Client Relationship The contractual relationship between bankers and customers is a complex one founded originally upon the customs and usages of bankers. The courts acknowledge these norms and as such they are recognized as implied conditions[34]. The relationship can arise out of implied or express conditions. Implied conditions are established through statutory and judicial instruments. Express conditions arise out of the law of contracts. As with Bank and Banking Business there is no definitive definition of the term customer. The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000[35] defines a customer in relation to an authorized person, means a person who is using, or who is or may be contemplating using, any of the services provided by the authorized person which is a bank within the meaning of the Act. The definition refers to a relationship arising out of services provided by a bank to its customer. This is a key component to its definition as it was described in the case of Commissioner of Taxation v. English, Scottish and Australian Bank Ltd.[36]A case involving the theft of a cheque payable to the Commissioner of Taxes, paid into an account with the defendants bank. Lord Dunedin[37] stated that the word customer signifies a relationship in which duration is not of the essence. A person whose money has been accepted by a bank on the footing that they undertake to honor cheques up to the amount standing is a customer of the bank irrespective of whether his connection is of short or long standing. The contract is not between a habituà © and a new comer, but between a person whom the bank performs a casual service, such as for instance, cashing a cheque for a person introduced by one of their customers, and a person who has an account of his own at the bank. The opening of an account expressly establishes a banker customer relationship. The transaction involves contractual obligations and as such governed by contract law. Like any other contract, specific conditions must be met for a contract to be valid, one of them being the willingness to enter a legally binding agreement. The question that rises is whether a banker customer relationship can be established through fraudulent means.   In the case of Marfani Co. Ltd v Midland Bank Ltd[38] the court of Appeal held that a relationship cannot arise if the account was opened by a fraudster who had no intention of getting into Banker-Customer relationship. In Stoney Stanton supplies (Coventry) Ltd v Midland Bank Ltd[39] In which a A forged the signature of B Ltds directors in order to open an account in the companys name, it was held that no banker customer-relationship existed between B Ltd and the bank[40]. Analysis of these findings from a contractual point of view shows that a relationship did not exist from the beginning, a contract is voidable if one of the parties does not intend to enter the agreement, or if it a misrepresentation occurred. In summation, the same principles that govern the validity of a contract apply to the establishment of a banker customer relationship through opening of an account. The landmark case that set the precedence in the nature of a banker customer relationship is Folley v Hill Others[41]. Where a customer opened an account, and deposited 6,117 pounds with an agreement that it would attract an annual interest. After 3 years, no interest was credited and the customer brought an action against the bank to recover all sums owed to him on the grounds that he was either a beneficiary of a trust or the banks principal. The house of Lords refuted this claim and stated that the relationship that arises out of this transaction, is one of a debtor-creditor relationship with an added obligation to repay the money upon demand, and the best course of action would be to instate debt recovery proceedings under common law. Lord Cottenham said;[42] The money paid into the bankers, is money known by the principal to be placed there for the purpose of being under the control of the banker; it is then the bankers money; he is known to deal with it as his own; he makes what profit he can, which profit he retains to himself. He went on to say that the bank had to repay to the principal, when demanded, a sum equivalent to that paid into his hands. Several important factors can be discerned from this judgement. Firstly, there is a shift of possession when money is deposited to the banker in a current account. The customer lends a certain amount of funds to the banker, that is to be refunded upon demand. The banker can then use the money in whatever means and has no obligation to account for his transactions. Secondly the nature of the relationship differs with different circumstances As Lord Brougham took this into account and stated:[43] It is a totally different thing if we are to take into consideration certain acts that are often performed by a banker, and which put him in a totally different capacity, for he may, in addition to his position of banker, make himself an agent or a trustee towards a cestui que trust. In todays banking practices the scope of the banking business has widened with time. Customers deposit valuable items for safe keeping with banks, a bailment relationship arises where the bank is a bailer and the customer is a bailee, in this situation, a banker has no authority to use the items kept in his care for his own use. This situation can be contrasted with the debtor-creditor relationship discussed above, there is fundamental difference in circumstances. Another example is with standing orders, when a customer instructs his bank to make payments to a third party, an agency relationship arises with the client as the principal and the banker as the agent. The Banker Customer relationship gives rise to fiduciary duties. Fiduciary relationships arise when a party places trust in and relies on the other because he or she is reasonably entitled to do so in the circumstances, or because the reliant party is in a position of vulnerability, subordination or information inequality.[44] This vulnerability Gives rise to the duty of Loyalty. A customer expects a bank to prioritize their interests and avoid situations that invite a conflict of interest. As the saying goes, a customer always comes first. This happened in Woods v Martins Bank Limited[45] where the bank advised one of its clients to invest in one of the banks customers facing financial difficulties. The bank may have unconscionably shifted a bad risk from itself to the customer who provided the security or guarantee[46] In Bristol v West Building Society v Mothew[47] a case that involved a solicitor who represented the building society and the borrower and failed to inform the building society that the borrower had secured a second mortgage on the property. Millet LJ defined the nature and role of a fiduciary by stating[48] A fiduciary is someone who has undertaken to act on or on behalf of another in a particular matter in circumstances which give rise to a relationship of trust and confidence. The distinguishing obligation of a fiduciary is the obligation of loyalty. .A fiduciary must act in good faith; he must not make profit out of his trust; he may not act for his own benefit or the benefit of a third person without the informed consent of his principal. This definition is concise and touches on the defining characteristics of a fiduciary relationship. A bank must exercise his activities on behalf of the customer in good faith with the clients best interest. This obligation under common law is intended to protect customers who are not cognisant with banking transactions and investments. In the absence of it, customers would be prone to manipulation. In the event of a breach of a fiduciary duty, a customer may claim a breach of duty of care. Such an implication can arise either at common law or by virtue section 13 of the Supply of Goods and services Act 1982 which states that within the ordinary course of business the supplier will carry out the service with reasonable care and skill.[49] The confidential nature of a Banker-Client relationship is a traditionally known concept. The same is seen today in caveats in correspondence between Banks and Clients. In Tournier v.National Provincial and Union Bank of England,[50]a bank manager disclosed the gambling habits of one of its clients to his employers that eventually led to the termination of his employment. The Plaintiff brought an action for breach of the duty confidentiality. The court held that the bank owes a duty of secrecy to the customer. Atkin LJ particularly said the duty of secrecy must extend to at least to all the transactions that go through the account and that duty extended beyond the period when an account was closed or ceases to be an active account. This duty however comes into conflict with the duty to disclose to the public. The banks have a duty to disclose information on accounts that are involved in illegal transactions and against public interest and peace. The three panel Judge was unanimous in this conclusion. Bankes LJ[51] said that danger to the state or duty to the public may supersede the duty of the Agent to his principal. Scrutton LJ[52] added on this by saying a bank may disclose the customers account and affairs to prevent frauds and crimes and finally Atkin LJ[53] summed it up by stating that the right to disclose exists to the extent to which it is reasonably necessary for protecting the Bank, or persons interested, or the public, against fraud of crime. Conclusion The definition of Banks and Banking practices has proved to be elusive for some time. Similarities can be made with the law with the acceptance that banking practices are as Dynamic as the laws that govern them. A definitive approach is not necessary. Bankers and legislators should refine and improve on practices in a progressive manner. Strict compliance to regulation is essential to maintain a healthy financial market and avoid scandals arising from banking malpractice. Table of Statu

Essay --

With reference to one or two stars, discuss the ways in which they embody a star image. Draw on relevant academic reading in order to illustrate your answer and develop your argument. Christian Bale is increasingly becoming the biggest star in Hollywood from his phenomenal take on DC’s caped crusader or by portraying a man that hasn’t slept for a year in Brad Anderson’s The Machinist. However, Bale isn't only getting attention through his portrayal of these iconic characters but he is also being talked about due to his extreme weight loss for The Machinist and his rant on set of Terminator Salvation which he again plays a reboot of an iconic character John Connor. Christian Bale being able to embody a certain character and change physically just to get into a part is what I am going to explore within this essay. Christian Bale was born in Pembrokeshire, Wales on January 30th 1974 and found fame at the age of 13 after getting the part in Steven Spielberg's 1987 film Empire of the Sun. Although being born and brought up in the United Kingdom, almost all of Bale’s roles are American Characters. Due to this, within Bale’s films he uses a very realistic American accent to correctly portray his characters and to make the role as realistic as possible. Bale explains that Bruce Wayne/Batman is a very iconic American figure so fans of the franchise may have a hard time understanding why he is speaking with an English accent in interviews; so for Batman interviews he only uses an  American accent. His commitment to his roles causes him to remain in character almost constantly during the filming process and goes as far as using whatever accent he is using for that particular film in his interviews. Doing this causes him to completely embody ... ...ts himself that during the rant he was â€Å"half John Connor† and â€Å"half Christian Bale† showing the extent of how he gets in to characters for his films however, this is a clear example of how is not always a good thing. Bale won his very first Oscar for Best Supporting Actor after playing Dicky Eklund the brother and coach to boxer â€Å"Irish† Mickey Ward in David O. Russell’s The Fighter. The Oscar was received after Bale again dropped an enormous amount of weight to play the role receiving both praise and criticism for his ever changing weight as critics refer to it as his â€Å"trademark weight loss†. However, Bale hit back at critics illustrating that the weight loss is a vital part of the filming process as he is trying to embody the character of a crack cocaine addict saying â€Å"I don’t know about you, but I’ve never seen a welterweight with any fat on him - or a crack head†.

The Adventure of the Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan-Doyle (1892), :: English Literature

The Adventure of the Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan-Doyle (1892), The Ostler by Wilkie Collins (1855), and The Signalman by Charles Dickens (1864). All of these are mystery stories How do the writers try to create excitement, mystery and suspense? Which of the stories you have read was the most successful and why? I have chosen to write about three stories – ‘The Adventure of the Speckled Band’ by Sir Arthur Conan-Doyle (1892), ‘The Ostler’ by Wilkie Collins (1855), and ‘The Signalman’ by Charles Dickens (1864). All of these are mystery stories that have been written in a similar way, with classic ‘mystery and suspense’ techniques. These stories were all written in the nineteenth century, and reflect this period with the use of old language and settings. Also the use of horses & carriage and the disadvantage of there being no electricity. Many archaisms are used in all three of the stories and these reflect the period. Nobody would use such language today, which also helps to draw the reader into the story because the reader has to concentrate on the complicated language and long sentences. The narrative structure in ‘The Signalman’ and ‘The Ostler’ is very similar, with both narrators reliving the stories and telling them to the reader, where as, in the ‘Speckled Band’, the reader seems to be being told the story as it happens. In the ‘Speckled Band’ even though he is speaking from a time after the events of the story Dr Watson tells us the story as it happens so you feel included, as though you are there in the story with the characters. This also makes the story seem more believable – factual rather than fictional – that it actually happened and that Dr Watson was there. This allows us to share his thoughts and feelings to further include us in the story. For example ‘I find many tragic, some comic, a large number merely strange.’ This shows us Dr Watson’s feelings. Sherlock Holmes is one of the main characters in this story and he is very well known for his success as a detective. He is visited by a young woman (Helen Stoner), who needs his help after the very sudden and unexplained death of her sister, as she is worried for her own safety. This character actually narrates the first part of the story (after Watson’s introduction), while she tells Sherlock Holmes of the unsolved mystery. Her story is told in first person narrative so the reader relives the time when her sister dies. Pathetic fallacy is again used to create an ideal setting for a murder.

The Effects of School Uniform

The Effects of School Uniforms Jeanell Greene Eng121: English composition Instructor Katie Surber April 8, 2012 There are issues that probe our schools on a daily basis. Many are very important such as student behavior and performance, lack of funding, and highly qualified staff, and some are just minor such as use of technology and extra-curricular activities. There are many that are debatable and require extensive dialogue and research. However, there are those educational issues that just need simple discussions to formulate manageable and workable solutions.One of the major and current issues is whether school age children should wear school uniforms or wear regular clothing. There are many parents and school officials who want our children to wear uniforms and there are also many parents who don’t want our children to wear them. Many people feel that the uniform issue plays a vital role in the educational development of children. They feel school uniforms have a major imp act on the educational process of how children learn. It really does not matter whether the children wear uniforms or regular clothes.Children will not learn any differently with or without the school uniforms. The debates over school uniforms are very complicated and have many points of view coming from all directions including teachers, parents, and even students. In reality, school uniforms are becoming quite popular with society, but of course very unpopular with teens and younger children. However, that is to be expected. There are many pros to the use of school uniforms. A plus to school uniforms is that it makes students visible to school personnel, students, and members of the public.School officials will know, by the uniforms, who belong on campus and who do not. Moreover, when students are adorned in school uniforms it makes it easier to identify and recognize children in public in case of an emergency. Wearing school uniforms can give students a sense of belonging. Usuall y, students will feel a sense of acceptance because all of the students are wearing the same thing. Therefore, it reduces the chances of being taunted and/or being bullied. This also helps to build self-esteem and self-assurance. When children wear chool uniforms, parents do not have to worry about being able to purchase designer clothing or expensive brands. There are more advantages of wearing school uniforms. Many people consider that a child in uniform is likely to take school more serious and not play around as much. Many also think that wearing a uniform helps to maintain discipline in schools; it also decreases the amount of discipline problems. It is said that the lack of discipline comes from home because the parents refuse to take on the discipline aspect of parenting. Students fighting at school are another challenge for educators.Some of these fights have a lot to do with fashionable clothing. Students who wear the prescribed dress code will tend to fight less because th ere is no longer the pressure of wanting or desiring the fashionable clothing that everyone else is wearing. There is also the struggle that some schools have with gangs who are identified by certain clothing, colors, and paraphernalia. If school uniforms are worn, this will probably ease some of the tensions related to gang violence. Distractions are another argument in the school uniform issue.By wearing school uniforms, the staff in schools will know that the appropriate clothing is being worn to school daily instead of fads that are considered outrageous, too revealing or displaying the wrong and/or inappropriate messages. Some students have turned school into an everyday fashion show. Therefore, taking the real and main focus off of learning and putting more attention and emphasis on what is being worn to school. School uniforms look nicer and make students look very professional. The woes of finding appropriate dress for school can be alleviated by wearing school uniforms.This will afford them more time and resources to concentrate on their school work. It also gives the students a chance to express their individuality in another more constructive and productive way. Although school uniforms are a good idea to some people, there are others who oppose it. One of the most common reasons why people oppose school uniforms is that it supposedly suppresses individuality. Some educators say that academic progress encourages a student’s pursuit for individual thought which is much more important than what he/she wears. By forcing students to wear school uniforms this inhibits creativity and self-expression.Some people say that making students conform to the school uniform denies the students the opportunity express them through what they wear. When the students are able to create their wardrobe it makes them feel the part of individual more and not feel forced to be a part of a group. It is also felt that students are going to reject rules regardless, and what would the purpose of making them wear a school uniform serve. Henceforth, by forcing students to wear uniforms will only aggravate their individuality and make them rebel by altering their school uniform.The students’ defiance of the school uniform will cause the students to choose an inappropriate size, length, and/or add color to try to individualize the uniform. This creates another problem for the teachers and school administrators. It is also believed that cliques, gangs, and groups will still be formed by the altering of the school uniform. Many feel that there is still no proof that the way our children dress for school will increase or decrease their ability to learn or curb violence in the school setting.Even if the school system does not require students to wear school uniforms, there is still a dress code that must be followed and if it is followed correctly there is no need for school uniforms. Most people feel that the school board should not spend time wor rying about school uniforms or dress codes; they should focus on a better education for children and enforce mandates by local school district and state boards of education along with national disciplines. The problem is not what the children are wearing; it is what they are and are not learning in school and at home.It has been said that some of the best students are bad dressers. Therefore, proving that dressing doesn’t improve learning, only the individual improves learning. Buying school uniforms for most people is considered cheaper than purchasing the latest and hottest trendy items. However, there of others who say it is not because it depends on where and how many school uniforms are purchased. Also, school uniforms can get ruined as well as any other clothing; therefore, the school uniforms will still need replacing just like regular clothing.With that being said, many ask the question how is it really cheaper? They feel that children will keep the clothes that they want to wear in better condition than a school uniform because in reality they don’t want to wear the school uniform anyway. Therefore, this makes the cost of school uniforms higher than the cost of regular clothes. There are also those that consider the school uniform to be ugly, unflattering, plain and boring. They feel it takes away from the individual’s appearance and makes the students not have a good self-image of themselves. The education f children must always be at the forefront of any discussion of any mandates and laws passed which effect and affect the lives of students entrusted to the care of school districts. The stakeholders must examine every avenue and exhaust all resources to enhance the academic development of these students. The school uniform has been a hot topic of discussion among educators, parents, administrators, politicians, and students for years. There are advantages and disadvantages of wearing the prescribed school uniform dress code. Ma ny people feel differently about the school uniform issue and have voiced their opinion in a myriad of ways.The discussion must continue as the data continues to reveal the benefits of school uniforms. Some of the benefits have been witnessed in the school setting in which I am employed. I feel that school uniforms should be worn for the comfort of the individual who doesn’t have what others have, so that he/ she won’t feel left out or inadequate. I really think that wearing school uniforms has helped with the self-esteem of some children because many of them are more focused on their learning and spend less time worrying about being picked on or bullied about what they are wearing.